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approaches (including biopsychology) A01: - Coggle Diagram
approaches (including biopsychology) A01:
Neurons, nervous system and the endocrine system:
neurons:
nervous system:
two main functions: 1 - collect, process and respond to information in the environment
2: co-ordinate the working of different organs and cells in the body.
structure of the CNS: Made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain: centre of all conscious awareness. Outer layer is the cerebral cortex and is highly developed
The spinal cord: responsible for the reflex actions and passes messages to and from the brain and connects to the PNS.
The PNS: the peripheral nervous system.
endocrine system:
the biological approach:
cognitive approach:
learning approaches:
behaviourism
classical conditioning:
it is learning through association and created by Pavlov in the 1920's
Before conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus causes unconditioned response
neutral stimulus causes no response
During conditioning
neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
After conditioning
conditioned stimulus causes conditioned response
UCS
: food
UCR
:salvation
NS
:bell
CS
:bell
CR
:salivation
operant conditioning:
Skinner found learning is an active process where humans/animals operate on their environments. It is shaped by and maintained by consequences.
Little Albert experiment too, Watson:
Skinner put rats in a box and when the rat pulled a lever and was rewarded by food, it was rewarded with food pellets. A desirable consequence led to behaviour being repeated and if the lever gave them a shock, they would avoid it once again.
focusing on observable behaviour only, things that can be measured too. They try to maintain more controlled and objectivity within their research and relied on lab studies.
They suggest that all species are the same and can be taught the same aspects, hence, animals can be used instead.
Three types of consequence: positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment
social learning theory
the Bobo doll: two conditions. Condition 1: An adult behaved aggressively to the doll, shouting and hitting it. There was then the condition 2: the adult behaved with indifference towards the doll. In both conditions, the behaviour was copied and more likely to copy if it is the same gender.
AARM plays a crucial role: the mediational process consists of:
A: attention
R: retention
R: motor reproduction
M: motivational
learning related to consequences of behaviours called vicarious reinforcement: observing behaviours and taking note of the consequences that follow, if they see a behaviour being rewarded, they are likely to do it and then punished behaviour is unlikely to be repeated.