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Substance-Related Disorders, Withdrawal., Craving: Intense desire or urge…

- - - - Persistent desire/unsuccessful efforts to cut down.
    - - Continued use despite physical/psychological problems.
    - - Giving up important activities.
- - - - Abuse: Maladaptive pattern of use leading to significant impairment or distress.
- - - - Conditioning: Pleasurable effects reinforce use.
        
        Social Learning & Modeling: Influence of family and peers.
        
        Occupational Hazard: High stress and easy access (e.g., healthcare workers).
      - Cultural & Peer Pressure: Especially potent during adolescence.
        
        Socioeconomic Factors: Use for belonging in deprived environments.
        
        Self-Medication: Using substances to cope with depression, anxiety, or stress.
- - - - Ineffective Individual Coping
        
        Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements / Fluid Volume Deficit
        
        Deficient Knowledge
        
        Chronic Low Self-Esteem
      - Risk for Infection
  - - - Build a Therapeutic Relationship: Be nonjudgmental, convey acceptance.
        
        Provide Positive Reinforcement: For adaptive behaviors and delayed gratification.
      - Set Limits: On manipulative behavior; enforce consequences consistently.
        
        Confront Denial Gently: Correct misconceptions factually.
        
        Teach Coping Skills: Stress management, problem-solving, refusal skills.
      - Promote Physical Health:
        
        Nutritional support (consult dietitian, small frequent meals, vitamin supplements).
        
        Manage complications (e.g., restrict protein if risk of hepatic coma, restrict sodium for edema).