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Gender and Difference in the Arab World - Coggle Diagram

Gender and Difference in the Arab World

Gender

Race

           Fanon, "Algeria Unveiled"


Orientalising Algerian people (clothing choices, cultural and social expectations, marital relationships)

French believed themselves to be saviors (of both women and the culture at large)

Scrutiny, sexualization, and infantalization of Algerian women

Weaponizing veil as cultural and systemic failing

French portrayals of Algerian men as inherently aggressive, controlling, and animalistic 

 Women becoming involved in revolution in 1955 (lookouts, messengers)

 Attempting to control Algerian men by "dominating" women

 Asserting superitoy

Class

                        Ababneh, Troubling the Political": Women in the Jordanian Day-Waged Labor Movement

 Women critical to success of DWLM (Jordanian Day-Waged Labor Movement), not passive participants but active

 Women initially discouraged from engaging, but impacted by financial hardship (part of workforce)

 Shared goal within movement and between genders of economic reform rather than political, lacking patriarchal structure 

 "Hirak" refers to workers groups (most active during 2011-2012 with organized strikes, but protests started in 2006)

 Overnight sit-in, traditionally regarded as inappropriate, 2/3 of protest demonstrators women, more showing up during the day than at night


 "The flexible structure and discourse of the DWLM accommodated the needs of many women and enabled them to participate in the movement"

Class

Disability

  Morris, "How to Report with 
  Care on Disability"

 Including disabled individuals in the workforce considered radical, and they are viewed as "exceptional"

 Regardless of academic qualifications, employment is far more difficult to obtain 

 Othering individuals by deeming them incapable of contribution (whether economically, socially, politically, etc.) further isolates them from community, support, and resources

 Disabled individuals, and the concept of disability as a whole

Race

Gender

Morris (equity in the workplace, emphasizing solidarity and unity, treatment influenced by preconceived notions of identity)

  Hosang, "Intersectionality"

 Five black women sued their employer in 1976 on the basis of racial and sex discrimination, given the disparity in layoffs (impacting black and brown women at much higher rates than their white coworkers)

 Emphasizing the role of white women enforcing the values of white men, effectively deteriorating the ability to form solidatrity and unity between classes

 Collective action (gender, class, race) to resist systems of oppression and heirarchy 

 There is no singular form of discrimination unaffected by societal and political notions of ones body and identity

Class

           Sleiman, "This Place is Not the Place"

   Beza, an Ethiopian woman from Hawassa, migrant laborer in Beirut 


 Spoke of loving the country, but recounts the horror and violence she faced from people (based on her identity and associated citizenship/work status)

 Persistent, "mundane" mistreatment and abuse that was the most cutting

  Moved back to Ethiopia and left Beirut when she had children to spare them from intense racism and societal mistreatment

  Isolation while in Lebanon and a unique isolation in Ethiopia, considering her experiences as a migrant laborer

Disability

Hosang (collective approaches, emphasizing intersectionality)

  Kafer, "Feminist, Queer, Crip"

 Three models of disability: Social, Medical, Social-Political

  Medical assumes scientific approach, while social assumes lack of medical basis entirely 

   Disability and gender theory compared given lack of scientific binary (neither concept is objectively defined, nor generalizable) 

   Diversion from a binary seen as an action or event, rather than attributes of a subject (much like gender is perceived as inherent, with femininity being the opposite to the default of masculinity)

  Disability both gendered and racialized: treatment of individuals dependent on social and political factors

  Crucial that political and social factors are considered when evaluating disability to effectively deconstruct systems of inequity

Gender

     Kisch, "Disablement, Gender, and Deafhood
           among the Negev Arab-Bedouin"

 High cases of deafness in Negev, a population in occupied Palestine

 Finances impact social mobility and independence of both men and women, however men have more access to social support and resources (education, job and marital opportunities) helping them obtain and provide financial security

 Deaf education provides social environment, main source of community

Marriage crucial to social acceptance and success, deaf men marry hearing women in most (but not all) communities, deaf women remain unmarried

 Deaf women isolated after finishing school socially, romantically, financially. Schooling focuses on more dometic task, lack of career opportunities (slowly changing, but still common), infantalization, confinement,

Disability

Class

                 Thomas,"Syrias Disabled Future"

 Healthcare system politicized 

 Conflict in Syria disabling individuals (torture, military force) and subsequently, inadequate medical attention

 Many Syrians shipped to Lebanon (job opportunities.) Syria was unable to support the youth, forcing them to search elsewhere for finanacial means

 Government wages and pensions no longer supported cost of survival

 Changes in welfare, adding to financial stress

 Costs of healthcare now the burden of families, dependent on personal finances (not covered or protected by goverment)

 Disability system in Syria discouraged independence, disabled individuals confined to residential institutions, deprived of education and social connection

 Syria's healthcare system overhwlemed, international agencies unlikely to step in, families impoverished

Race

Abaneh (migrant workers exploited for labor, financial strain adding to vulnerability, job instability and mistreatment)

 Iskandar, "The Politics of “Unskilled” Labor in Qatar"

   2022 World Cup held in Qatar, requiring construction of a stadium

 Migrant workers (from Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, parts of Middle East) immigrating in pursuit of employment

 Inadequately trained, lacking relevant experience

   Overworked, isolated to camps in the desert, exposed to high temperatures for prolonged, unregulated periods, and subjected to intense policing

 Banned from receiving critical medical care during COVID

 Job instability, termination and deportation possible at any moment

 Worker organizing and protests/demonstrations banned

   Protests have still occurred and workers collectively resisted, bridging class divides

Disability

Thomas (Disability furthered by war, lack of medical aid for targeted popoulations)

   Tanous, "The Dilemmas of Practicing Humanitarian Medicine in Gaza"

 Disability exacerbated or resulting from violence, genocide, ethnic cleansing

  Zionist occupation controlling aid, Palestinians barred from appropriate medical care 

Palestinians of israel granted access to parts of Palestine that would be otherwise inaccessible to them citizenship status

    Chronic illness consistently overlooked in medical aid. Considering treatment is inadequate, unstable, and inconsistent, pain from chronic illness increases. Individuals are abandoned without medical resources and support 

 Zionist occupation controlling aid, Palestinians barred from appropriate medical care

Gender

Sleiman (Kafala system, focus on women, migrant workers)

  Kassamali, "The Kafala System as Racialized Servitude"

      "Kafala"  is a racialized and gendered term, most commonly referring to African and Asian laborers in Lebanon(women in caregiving positions specifically)

 40% of population fled due to civil war, demand for foreign labor increasing

 Migrant women leaving their own cultures and families, caring for others' children to financially support their own

 Abuse (verbal, financial, physical) common 

 Women migrating from outside Lebanon preferred, due to their cultural and social isolation, deemed more trustworthy

Race

Ababneh, (both discussing marginalized populations in Jordan, lack of economic and financial opportunities, resistance throughout various communities)

      Loh, "‘Mother Tongue’ or ‘Broken Arabic"

 Assistive tech start-up to support deaf Jordanian populations. Addressing issues of communication through an app using vocab cards (aim of teaching sign)

 Accomodation of deaf communities limited. 90% of deaf children born to hearing parents who do not sign. 

 Communication barriers considered resolved when/if a child obtains a cochlear implant (viewed as "solution" to deafness, highly encouraged) 

 Medical treatments proposed, cultures of deafness (and associated languages) devalued 

 Categorizing LIU (Jordanian sign) as "broken Arabic" rather than a language further isolates deaf populations from culture and surrounding communities 

 Resources available at community centers (while scarce) teaching individuals LIU. Participants mostly hearing women, mothers joining in an effort to connect with their children
 Language is more than words, involves culture, emotion. When children are deprived of the opportunity to communicate, they are consequently deprived of social and emotional support.