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Urbanization - Coggle Diagram
Urbanization
Rural urban migratiuon
mand pull and supply push
good jobs in the city vs drought in the urban area
China
rural urban Migration in china
rapid growth of jobs
deline of argriculture, rusplus labour, relatively gewer jobs
one child policy
public invesment in urban transport and infrastructure in China
effect of building roads and railways on pupulatuion concentratuion
these invesments triggered movement from the city centre to the ouskirts
ubanization is a response to the change of how economies are organized
shift form substibstance agriculture to a higher productivity economy
might have a positive effect on poverty elliviation
agglomeration economy
density in cities mean that ppl who earn money also spend it in the same place driving economic growth
link between economic growth and urbanization
BUT WHY IS THIS NOT THE CASE IN AFRICA?
Maybe in africa instead of pulling there is more pushing effects
also people are in cities in the informal sector
they are not taxed
no revenue for the state and no investment into infrastructure
once cities get too gig the aglomeration economies have diminishing returns
they get too expensive so it gets too expensive to manufacture anything
Seminar
summative assesment
urbanization
rural urban migration
25-35 % of the growth
to what extent is climate change driving urbanization in subsaharan african cities
because most migration is driven by natiural growth maybe rural migration due to climate change is not that important??
Seminar discussion
Handerson 2015
climate change drives urbanization in industrialized context
Suckall 2015
climate change drives de-urbanization - less livestock revenue
sub saharan africa has really high natural growth rates
natural growth
70% of the growth
big urbanization even in low and middle income countries
highest rates in 50s and 70 and much less today
Policy
Defining urban population problem
Administrative boundaries are based on this
Implications for the environment and development
costs of excessive concentration
wage, land and infrastructure rise and air polution
also expnasion of slums, overcrowdiungm unemployment, lack of clean water etc
these impacts are disproportionately affecting the urban poor
there is a link between polution seasonally in the winter and mortality rates
the bigger the city the bigger the polutioon - but the larges effect in lower middle income cities who dont have the means for environmental protection
density is a proxy for hihger slums and lower energy consumption bc they are poor and dont consume
global perspective
city residence most significant poluters and environmental consumers