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offender profiling - Coggle Diagram
offender profiling
top-down approach
pre-establshed typology
work down to assign offenders to a category
process
data assimilation
profiler reviews evidence
crime scene classification
crime scene classed as organised/disorganised
profile generation
hypotheses related to offender
crime reconstruction
hypotheses in terms of the sequences of events/behaviour of victim
offenders classified as
organised
overall approach
planned/ controlled
weapons
most likely/ may have rituals
e.g using the same knife on each victim
evidence
destroyed- can't be traced back
victim/s
attempt to control them
offender
unknown to victim
socially/sexually competent
angry/depressed
normal-high intelligence
disorganised
overall approach
unplanned/chaotic
weapons
improvise
evidence
left at the scene- CAN be traced back
victim/s
little attempt to control them
offender
likely knows victim
socially/ sexually inept
low intelligence
anxious/psychotic
fbi
EV
canter and heritage
content analysis of 66 sexual assault cases
examined using statistical technique
smallest space analysis
common characteristics identified
impersonal language
lack of reaction to victim
establishes how behaviour changes between offences
Colin Stagg case
Paul Britton's profile gone wrong
Copson
surveyed 48 police forces
advice given by profiler useful in 83% of cases
3% led to accurate identification
geographical profiling isn't sufficient on its own
reliant on quality of data
recording of crime isn't always accurate
75% of crimes aren't reported
lundrigan and canter
collected info on 120 murder cases
US serial killers
small spatial analysis
spatial consistency
each body disposal site was a different direction from the last
created centre of gravity
bottom-up approach
profilers work up from evidence to develop hypothesis
main features
interpersonal coherence
offender's behaviour @ crime scene
dwyer
some rapists seek dominance/humiliation while others are apologetic
forensic awareness
offender's understanding of forensics/ police techniques/ identification
typically have awareness of criminal justice system
insight into evidence collection/analysis/investigative procedures
time and place
useful for geographical profiling
analyse spatiotemporal patterns
gives clues about offender's 'anchor point'
base of operations
investigative psych
geographical profiling
circle theory
canter and larkin
draw a circle around crimes of serial offender
gives a 'centre of gravity'
two types of offenders
marauders
commit crime in relatively close proximity
near home based/ anchor point
better understanding of targets/ escape routes
commuters
travel significant distance to commit crime
commute elsewhere to offend
avoid recognition
more available targets
people develop schemas
e.g familar routes
serial offenders restrict their crimes to their schemas
analysis of spatial pattern
gives centre of gravity
can have educated predictions
gives a jeopardy surface
David Canter
UK approach