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Control Blood Glucose, Histology, Islet Cells, Disease, Hormone Secretion,…

- - - - More protein
      - Less carbs and fats
  - - - Hyperglycemia -> lipogenesis in liver -> fatty liver
      - No suppression of lipolysis in liver -> diaglycerols (affects liver and muscle
- - - - Thyroxine and metformin
- - - - Biomarker for amount of insulin produced
  - - - Active zinc-free insulin monomers
  - - - Rapid (within minutes)
      - Ready pool of granules close to plasma membrane
    - - Gradual
        
        Sustained as long as glucose stimulating
      - Reserve pool of granules and new insulin synthesis
- - - - Brain: Neurons
      - Intestine: Enteroendocrine L Cells
      - 5 possible hormones
    - - Pancreas: Alpha Cells
      - Glucagon is one of 4 possible
  - - - Hepatic glycogenolysis
      - Hepatic gluconeogenesis
    - - Glycolysis
      - Glycogenesis
  - - - Generating Lipids/ketone body
      - Fatty acid breakdown = A coA
  - - - GPCR
    - - Secondary messengers Ca and cAMP
    - - Dec glycolysis
      - Dec glycogenesis
      - Inc gluconeogensis
      - Glycogenolysis
      - In general inc blood glucose
- - - - More on insulin responsive tissue
        
        Liver, Muscle, Adipose
    - - Most RTKs monomer that need ligand to become dimer
    - - Affects how it binds IGF
        
        different affinity for insulin (IGF1 & IGF2)
      - INSR-A
        
        Metabolic actions
      - INSR-B
        
        Mitogenic actions
    - - From inverted V to T
      - Brings TK domains together
        
        Allows auto-phosphorylation to activate receptor
  - - - 2 Potential Pathways
    - - Glucose uptake
      - Glycogen synthesis
      - Protein synthesis
      - Lipid metabolism
    - - Cell growth and proliferation
  - - - Insulin responsive glucose transporter
      - Expressed in skeletal m., adipose, cardiac m.
      - In GLUT4 storage vesicles (GSVs)
        
        during times of fasting
      - Activation PI3K pathway
        
        Phosphorylation of AS160
        
        stimulates translocation to membrane
      - Permits facilitated diffusion of glucose
        
        Lowers blood glucose
      - Also stimulated by exercise in Skeletal m.
    - - GLUT1 - 14
        
        GLUT 2 in liver is not stimulated by insulin because it is always active
    - - SGLTs
        
        SGLT1: Small intestine SGLT2: Kidney
      - Sodium-glucose cotransporter
      - allow glucose against concentration gradient