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Macromolecules - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Form antibodies in blood which fight infections
      - Convey signals as hormones and cell identification tags
      - Enzymes
        
        Speed up chemical reactions
      - Blood buffers
      - Make up hair, fur, & muscles
  - - - Sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
    - - Spiral or pleated shape due to hydrogen bonds between amino acids
    - - Helix (Spiral)
      - Pleated Sheet
      - Tertiary Structure
        
        Folding of the protein due to: hydrogen bonds, amino acid side group interactions, water causing hydrophilic parts to be attracted to water and to be attracted to each other
      - Quaternary Structure
        
        Twisting or clumping of two or more polypeptide chains to each other (EX: collagen - protein in skin)
        
        Polypeptide: long chain of amino acids linked together (usually through tertiary, also called a simple protein)
        
        Proteins are made up of 1 or more polypeptides
  - - - EX: Eggs
        
        Denaturation can be caused by
        
        To much heat
        
        PH change
  - - - Activation energy is the energy nessccary to start a chemical reaction
        
        Function by LOWERING the activation energy
        
        Weakening the bonds between atoms
        
        bringing two substrates close together so that a bond may form between them
        
        Enzymes fit into the Active site (like the pacman picture)
        
        CAN denature and become ineffective, just like any other protein
        
        Often end in -ASE or -SIN
        
        Catalysts (ENZYMES ARE PROTEIN CATALYSTS
        
        Reduce the amount of chemical energy needed to start a chemical reaction
        
        Change the rate of reactions without being consumed (they ARE reusable)
- - - - Long chain, simple lipids
        
        Types of waxes
        
        Beeswax
        
        Cuticles
        
        Protect and waterproof plants (on the outside)
        
        Earwax
    - - 4 fused rings
        
        Estrogen
        
        Gives female characteristics
        
        Cholestrogen
        
        Needed in cell membranes, can clog arteries and bring heart attacks
        
        Testrogen
        
        Gives male characteristics
    - - Fats, made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids NOT A POLYMER
        
        Saturated & Unsaturated Fats
        
        Saturated Fats
        
        only 1 single covalent bond, Most are SOLID at room temp and are hard to break down (often considered to be bad or "fats"
        
        Unsaturated Fats
        
        containing 1 or more double covalent bonds, easy to break when there are double, most are LIQUID at room temp and are called "oils"
        
        Functions of Fats
        
        Cushions internal Organs
        
        Provide Insulation
        
        Energy Storage (reserve)
- - - - Deoxyribonucleic acid, gives genetic info, elements: CHONP, 2 strands (AKA DOUBLE HELIX)
    - - Ribonucleic acid, CODE FOR BUILDING PROTEINS, CHONP, usually 1 strand and will be folded
- - - - AKA CARBS
        
        Saccharides
        
        Monosaccharides
        
        Single sugar usually a 5 or 6 carbon sugar
        
        Ribose (5 carbon sugar found in RNA)
        
        Deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar found in DNA)
        
        Glucose (6 carbons)
        
        Galactose (another simple sugar, 6 carbons)
        
        Fructose (6 carbons)
        
        Polysaccharides
        
        Complex carbohydrates or Polymers of monosaccharides (used for energy storage or structural framework)
        
        Chitin
        
        Starch
        
        Cellulose
        
        Glycogen
        
        Disaccharides
        
        Double sugars made by dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides
        
        Brocken down by hydrolysis
        
        Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose
        
        Maltose: Glucose + Glucose
        
        Lactose: Glucose + Galactose
        
        Sugars
        
        Made of CHO in ratio of 1:2:1