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ENDOCRINOLOGY (RIGHT) AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (LEFT) - Coggle Diagram
ENDOCRINOLOGY (RIGHT) AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (LEFT)
Major Endocrine Organs and Hormones
Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, GHIH, PIH
Pituitary:
Anterior: TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, Prolactin
Posterior: ADH, Oxytocin
Pineal gland: Melatonin
Thyroid gland: T3, T4, Calcitonin
Parathyroid glands: PTH
Adrenal glands:
Cortex: Aldosterone, Cortisol, Androgens
Medulla: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
Pancreatic islets: Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin, Pancreatic polypeptide
Gonads:
Ovaries: Estrogen, Progesterone, Inhibin
Testes: Testosterone, Inhibin
Thymus: Thymosin
Endocrine Tissues With Secondary Functions
Heart: ANP (decreases blood pressure)
Kidneys: Renin, EPO, Calcitriol
Adipose tissue: Leptin
Gastrointestinal tract: Gastrin, CCK, Secretin, GIP, Motilin, Ghrelin
Placenta: hCG, hPL, Estrogen, Progesterone
Skin: Vitamin D precursor
Liver: IGF-1, Angiotensinogen, Thrombopoietin
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Endocrine Axis
Hypothalamus releases releasing hormones, pituitary releases tropic hormones, target organs release their hormones, negative feedback regulates the loop.
Example:
CRH → ACTH → Cortisol → cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH.
Hormone Classification
Lipid-Soluble Hormones
Steroids such as cortisol, testosterone, estrogenThyroid hormones T3 and T4Nitric oxide
Mechanism:Diffuse into cell, bind intracellular receptors, alter gene expression, create new proteins.
Water-Soluble Hormones
Amines such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine, serotonin, melatoninPeptides and proteins such as ADH, oxytocin, insulin, GH
Mechanism:Bind membrane receptors, activate G-protein and cAMP second messenger, activate kinases, rapid response.
Hormone Regulation
Negative feedback: reduces hormone output when levels are high (example: cortisol).
Positive feedback: enhances hormone release (example: oxytocin during childbirth).
Stimuli
Humoral: changes in blood chemistry (example: high osmolarity triggers ADH).
Hormonal: one hormone stimulates another (example: TRH stimulates TSH).
Neural: direct nerve stimulation (example: sympathetic system stimulates adrenal medulla).
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Organs and Functions
Testes: produce sperm and testosterone
Epididymis: stores and matures sperm
Vas deferens: transports and stores sperm
Ejaculatory ducts: deliver semen to urethra
Urethra: passageway for urine and semen
Seminal vesicles: produce seminal fluid rich in fructose and prostaglandins
Prostate: produces acidic fluid containing citrate and PSA
Bulbourethral glands: secrete alkaline mucus for lubrication
Scrotum: temperature regulation
Penis: delivers semen, contains erectile tissue
Sperm Cell Structure
Head: nucleus with DNA and acrosome enzymes
Midpiece: mitochondria provide ATP
Tail: flagellum for movement
Plasma membrane: receptors for oocyte binding
Spermatogenesis
Mitosis: spermatogonia form primary spermatocytes
Meiosis I: primary produce secondary spermatocytes
Meiosis II: secondary produce spermatids
Spermiogenesis: spermatids mature into sperm
Spermiation: release into seminiferous tubule lumen
Role of Testosterone
Development of male reproductive organs
Maintenance of spermatogenesis
Libido and sexual function
Male secondary sexual characteristics such as deeper voice, muscle mass, hair growth
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Organs and Functions
Ovaries: produce oocytes, estrogen, progesterone
Uterine tubes: capture oocyte and provide site of fertilization
Uterus: implantation and fetal development
Vagina: passageway for intercourse, childbirth, and menstruation
Vulva: external protection and sensory functions
Oogenesis
Oogonia undergo mitosis and become primary oocytes
Primary oocyte arrested in prophase I
Meiosis I completes before ovulation producing a secondary oocyte and first polar body
Secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase II
Fertilization completes meiosis II forming ovum and second polar body
Hormonal Changes in Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles
FSH: follicle development
LH: ovulation and corpus luteum formation
Estrogen: thickens endometrium and triggers LH surge
Progesterone: maintains endometrium
Inhibin: inhibits FSH
Relaxin: reduces uterine contractions
Cycle Phases
Menstrual: low estrogen and progesterone cause shedding
Preovulatory: rising estrogen thickens endometrium
Ovulation: LH surge releases oocyte
Postovulatory: progesterone prepares for implantation
Path of the Oocyte
Ovary → fimbriae → infundibulum → ampulla (site of fertilization) → isthmus → uterus for implantation or degeneration.
Negative Feedback of Sex Hormones
Estrogen and progesterone inhibit GnRH, FSH, and LH
Testosterone and inhibin inhibit GnRH, FSH, and LH