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L6: Hypertension - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Alcohol: Less ADH, more excretion
        
        Later, more ADH is supplied for compensation
        
        Less excretion, more blood vol, high BP
  - - - Short blood supply to brain
        
        May cause postural hypotension
  - - - Bad for asthma (cardiac muscles dilate, bronchial muscles constrict)
      - Activate renal B receptors
        
        More renin released
  - - - Only cardiac muscles dilate
        
        Used by asthmatic patients
      - Preferred over propanolol
  - - - Less contractile force in heart
        
        Lower BP
        
        Selective for cardiac Ca channel
    - - Selective for vascular Ca channel (blood vessels)
  - - - Less cardiac muscle contraction
  - - - More bronchial muscle dilation
      - Less sympathetic outflow
        
        Less norepinephrine released
        
        Slower heart rate, lower BP
  - - - Less aldosterone released
        
        Less blood vol
  - - - Less Na+, H2O reabsorption (More excretion)
        
        Less blood vol
  - - - Prevent aldosterone release
        
        Less Na/H2O reabsorption
        
        Less blood vol
- - - - Increased blood volume (plasma & ECF volume)
        
        More cardiac output by heart
      - More intracellular Ca2+
        
        More contractile/pump force by heart
        
        More smooth muscle constriction (vasoconstriction)
  - - - Higher total peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction)
- - - - Parasympathetic activation: slower heart rate
        
        Acetylcholine release
        
        Less heart contractility
        
        Inhibitory on heart
      - Sympathetic activation: faster heart rate
        
        Norepinephrine release
        
        More heart contractility
        
        Excitatory on heart
        
        Excess symp (unopposed para): BP increase, vasoconstriction, imbalance
        
        Less renal blood flow
        
        Release renin from kidneys
        
        Angiotensinogen converts angio I --> angio II
        
        Vasoconstriction
        
        Release aldosterone from adrenocortex
        
        1 more item...
    - - Angio II
      - Thromboxane
      - Endothelin
    - - Prostaglandin
      - NO
      - EDRF
- - - - Bronchial muscles & vessels relax (widen)
        
        Easier to breathe for asthma patients
    - - Cardiac muscle contraction
        
        Increased contractility
  - - - On vascular smooth muscles (vessels)
      - Against norepinephrine action
        
        Blockers cause less contracility, less BP
      - E.g. Prazosin
    - - On nerve membrane
      - Less norepinephrine release (less symp. action)
        
        Neg. feedback with norepinephrine
        
        Slower heart rate
        
        Less vasoconstriction
      - Use A2-selective agonists to lower BP via less norepinephrine/vasoconstriction
      - E.g. Clonidine