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Qualitative Analysis, Chapter 13, Source: Bhattacherjee, A. (2019). Social…
Qualitative Analysis
Grounded Theory: Developed by Glaser & Strauss (1967); refined by Strauss & Corbin (1990).
Inductive Technique for analyzing qualitative data
Goal: Build theories based on observed empirical data
Coding Process:
Coding=classifying and categorizing text segments into codes, categories, and relationships
Links concepts to specific text portions for validation
Key Principles:
Interpretations are grounded in data not preconceived theories
Researchers must suspend pre-existing biases and let data guide theory development
Types of Coding:
- Open Coding: Identify concepts or key ideas hidden in text
- Axial coding: Links concepts into categories and subcategories
- Selective coding: integrates categories to form a coherent theory
Categorization: Similar concepts are grouped into higher order categories;
Concepts=context specific
Categories=broad and generalizable
Why? Reduce complexity and build big picture of phenomenon
Second Phase: Axial Coding: Assemble categories and sub categories into causal relationships or hypothesis
Links conditions, actions and consequences
Uses coding paradigm to organize
Can occur simultaneously with coding
It why a phenomenon occurs, under what conditions and with what outcomes
Third Phase: Selective Coding: Indentify a central category
Relate central category systematically to other categories
Validate relationships with selective sampling of new data
Limits analysis score
Continues until theoretical saturation
Constant Comparison Process:
Continuous rearrangement through
Integrating categories and properties
Delimiting theory
Writing theory using, storylining, memoing, and concept mapping
Content Analysis
Sampling Text:
Select relevant texts (e.g., news articles, reports, blogs).
Sampling is not random; choose texts with pertinent content.
Unitizing:
Divide text into segments or “chunks” (units of analysis).
Examples: assumptions, effects, enablers, barriers
Coding:
Apply concepts or themes to each unitized segment.
Use a coding scheme based on research objectives or emerging themes.
Analysis:
Examine coded data quantitatively and qualitatively.
Identify themes, context, and relationships among them
Criticisms, Solutions and Limitations
Criticism: lack of systematic procedures for replication
Solutions: Schilling's Spiral Model
Limitations: Restricted to available text data
Sampling bias risk
Hermeneutic Analysis: A special type of analysis focuses on interpreting the subjective meaning of the sext within its sociohistoric context.
Emphasizes context and meaning during interpretation unlike grounded theory or standard content analysis
Core Principles:
Assumes texts narrate an author's experience within a sociohistoric context
Interpretation involves iterating between parts and whole
Achieves a holistic understanding of the phenomenon
Origins and Evolutions:
Traditional: Interpretation of written text
Philosophical hermeneutics (Heidegger) emphasized authentic understanding through experience not just observation and text allow readers to relive author's experience.
Modern hermeneutics (Gadamar): expanded interpretation to all forms of communication as well as examined limits of texts
Tools and Automation:
Software: ATLAS.ti, NVivo, QDA Miner is used for organizing and coding large text datasets
Requirements for using these is coding schema and validation on texts samples
Limitations: Unable to interpret contextual meaning thus risk of misinterpretation
NOTE: An important distinction of Hermeneutics is that differs from exegesis in that hermeneutics is interpretive theory and practice and exegesis is the critical explanation of written texts (usually religious)
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