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ENG45C, Free indirect discourse: a narrative technique where a third…

- - - - Gothic novel, Romantic pseudomedieval fiction having a prevailing atmosphere of mystery and terror. Its heyday was the 1790s, but it underwent frequent revivals in subsequent centuries. (Brittanica)
        
        Southern Gothic
        
        “While related to both the English and American Gothic tradition,
        Southern Gothic is uniquely rooted in the South’s tensions and
        aberrations...The Southern Gothic brings to light the extent to
        which the idyllic vision of the pastoral, agrarian South rests on
        massive repressions of the region’s historical realities: slavery,
        racism, and patriarchy.
      - James Joyce, "The Dead"
        
        Themes: Paralysis, epiphany, mortality, Irish identity.
        
        Form: Realist narrative culminating in lyrical free indirect discourse.
        
        Key idea: Gabriel’s realization at the end — that he’s emotionally dead — ties to Joyce’s modernist emphasis on the interior self.
        
        Symbol: Snow as connection between living and dead, paralysis and release.
        
        Snow can also be seen as a purification process
        
        “Frozen in time”
        
        Talk about the final paragraph’s rhythm and imagery as an “epiphany.”
        
        Snow… “upon all the living and the dead”
  - - - Themes: Alienation, passive resistance, capitalism, dehumanization.
        
        Passive resistance is incessantly frustrating and the hardest to shut down, especially on a larger scale.
        
        My interpretation: not necessarily anti-capitalist but very strong in highlighting social isolation that came with industry. The destruction of the community, the unknowability of the city, etc.
      - Form: First-person lawyer-narrator; office setting mirrors industrial bureaucracy.
      - Key idea: Bartleby’s “I would prefer not to” resists capitalist productivity and linguistic authority.
      - Tie to modernist isolation and breakdown of communication.
  - - - Other common meters:
        
        trochee (1 stressed, 1 unstressed) e.g. "garden", "highway"
        
        Trimeter (3 feet)
        
        Tetrameter (4 feet)
        
        Hexameter (6 feet)
        
        dactyl (1 stressed, 2 unstressed) e.g. "poetry", "basketball"
        
        anapest (2 unstressed, 1 stressed) e.g. "underfoot", "overcome"
        
        spondee (2 stressed)
        
        e.g. "hog-wild"
        
        pyrrhic (2 unstressed)
        
        e.g. "When the blood creeps and the nerves prick"
        
        cretic (1 stressed, 1 unstressed, 1 stressed)
      - Stanza type
        
        Cinquain, quintain (5 lines)
        
        Sestet (6 lines)
        
        Octave, octet (8 lines)
        
        Ottava rima - Italian form featuring 8 lines with rhyme scheme
        
        ABABABCC
        
        common
        
        Common types of stanzas:
        
        Couplet (2 lines)
        
        Heroic couple (2 rhyming lines in iambic pentameter)
        
        Tercet (3 lines)
        
        Terza rima - Italian form used by Dante featuring 3 lines with an interwoven rhyme scheme (ABA, BCB, CDC etc.)
        
        Quatrain (4 lines)
        
        ABAC or ABCB (known as unbounded or ballad quatrain)
        
        AABB (a double couplet)
        
        ABAB (known as interlaced, alternate, or heroic)
        
        ABBA (known as envelope or enclosed)
    - - William Butler Yeats (born June 13, 1865, Sandymount, Dublin, Ireland—died January 28, 1939, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France) was an Irish poet, dramatist, and prose writer, one of the greatest English-language poets of the 20th century. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923. (Brittanica)
        
        “The Lake Isle of Innisfree”
        
        Theme: Escape from modernity, longing for simplicity and natural order.
        
        Form: Musical rhythm, internal rhyme — pre-modernist lyric.
        
        the musical, emotional, and personal expression of a single speaker
        
        “Easter, 1916”
        
        Theme: Political transformation; beauty and horror of rebellion.
        
        Quote: “A terrible beauty is born.”
        
        Style: Modernist irony — admiration mixed with ambivalence.
        
        “The Second Coming”
        
        Theme: Apocalypse, cyclical history, loss of faith in order.
        
        Imagery: “Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold.”
        
        Form: Biblical, prophetic tone.
        
        “Leda and the Swan”
        
        Theme: Violence, divine power, transformation.
        
        Form: Sonnet — classical myth reframed with brutal immediacy.
        
        a sudden, intense, and unmediated experience, often used in aesthetic or cultural contexts to refer to something raw, honest, and unfiltered.
        
        “Sailing to Byzantium”
        
        Theme: Immortality through art; rejection of bodily decay.
        
        Form: Symbolist, formal perfection.
        
        Yeats overall: Transition from Romantic lyricism to high modernist symbolism.
      - H.D
        
        H.D. (born September 10, 1886, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, U.S.—died September 27, 1961, Zürich, Switzerland) was an American poet, known initially as an Imagist. She was also a translator, novelist-playwright, and self-proclaimed “pagan mystic.”
        
        “Oread”
        
        Imagery: Sea and forest merge — language as transformation.
        
        Oread is a nymph
        
        Who is us?
        
        Form: Imperative verbs, energy, condensation.
        
        “Sea Rose”
        
        Theme: Beauty in imperfection; feminist revaluation of fragility.
        
        Yet is there really beauty? The rose is ugly, as compared to how it normally is
        
        The pronoun “you” kind of personifies the rose.
        
        “Eurydice”
        
        Theme: Female perspective on myth; defiance of silencing.
        
        Angry, self-assertive
        
        Desire to forget
        
        “I am broken at last”
        
        Imagism
        
        avant-garde poetry movement that emphasized clear, precise, and concrete images over vague language and traditional poetic forms like rhyme and meter
        
        Imagiste
        
        Ezra Pound
        
        “A Few Don’ts by an Imagiste”
        
        Principles:
        
        Direct treatment of the “thing.”
        
        Use no unnecessary word.
        
        Compose in the rhythm of musical phrase, not metronome.
        
        Foundation of Imagism — clarity, precision, economy.
        
        “In a Station of the Metro”
        
        Image: “The apparition of these faces in the crowd; / Petals on a wet, black bough.”
        
        Form: One image = one poem. Compression as modernist response to fragmentation.
        
        Technique: Juxtaposition creates meaning.
        
        Ezra Pound (born October 30, 1885, Hailey, Idaho, U.S.—died November 1, 1972, Venice, Italy) was an American poet and critic, a supremely discerning and energetic entrepreneur of the arts who did more than any other single figure to advance a “modern” movement in English and American literature. (Brittani ca)
        
        T. S. Elliot
        
        .S. Eliot (born September 26, 1888, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.—died January 4, 1965, London, England) was an American-English poet, playwright, literary critic, and editor
        
        “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”
        
        Themes: Fragmentation, paralysis, modern alienation.
        
        Form: Dramatic monologue, stream of thought, collage of references.
        
        Tone: Self-conscious, ironic, indecisive.
        
        Key line: “Do I dare disturb the universe?”
        
        Compared to Joyce — internal consciousness rendered through fragmented language.
        
        Dramatic monolouge: speech or poem where a single character speaks their thoughts and feelings to an implied listener, revealing their personality and often their flaws
        
        “Tradition and the Individual Talent”
        
        Key argument: True art is impersonal; the poet must surrender the self to tradition.
        
        Idea: Modernism as renovation, not rupture — “the historical sense.”
        
        Link to Pound’s “Make it new” but note Eliot’s emphasis on continuity.
      - William Carlos Williams
        
        William Carlos Williams (born September 17, 1883, Rutherford, New Jersey, U.S.—died March 4, 1963, Rutherford) was an American poet who succeeded in making the ordinary appear extraordinary through the clarity and discreteness of his imagery.
        
        “Spring and All”
        
        Theme: Rebirth, imagination, new beginnings after desolation.
        
        Style: Mixture of prose and verse; “variable foot.”
        
        a metrical device and a poetic technique, developed to capture the rhythms of natural American speech rather than traditional European verse.
        
        Idea: Poetry grows from the immediacy of perception.
        
        “To Elsie”
        
        Theme: Modern America’s moral emptiness and chaos.
        
        Tone: Disillusioned, documentary.
        
        Key idea: American speech as poetry — the “American idiom.”
        
        “The Red Wheelbarrow”
        
        Theme: Simplicity, perception, interdependence.
        
        Form: Short, broken lines = variable foot reflecting natural rhythm.
        
        “This Is Just to Say”
        
        Theme: Everyday intimacy; redefines what counts as poetry.
        
        Form: Conversational, ordinary language becomes art.
        
        Connect Williams’s variable foot + American idiom + visual precision.
    - - The repetition of initial stressed, consonant sounds in a series of words within a phrase or verse line. Alliteration need not reuse all initial consonants; "pizza" and "place" alliterate.
      - Assonance
        
        The repetition of vowel sounds without repeating consonants; sometimes called vowel rhyme. See Amy Lowell's "In a Garden" ("With its leaping, and deep, cool murmur") or "The Taxi" ("And shout into the ridges of the wind").
      - Consonance
        
        A resemblance in sound between two words, or an initial rhyme (see also Alliteration). Consonance can also refer to shared consonants, whether in sequence ("bed" and "bad") or reversed ("bud" and "dab").
- - - - Themes: Time, consciousness, gender, war trauma (shell shock), memory.
      - Form: Stream of consciousness; shifting perspectives; interior monologue.
      - Symbol: Big Ben = structure of time vs. subjective time.
      - Key idea: Modern life as simultaneous inner and outer experience.
      - Relate Woolf’s narrative flow to Williams’s and Joyce’s experiments with everyday perception.
      - Sally Seton functions as another one of Clarissa Dalloway’s mirrors, not just Septimus.When Clarissa remembers her, Sally isn’t just a person, she’s a version of selfhood that Clarissa has lost or repressed.
      - In their youth, Sally was rebellious: she smoked cigars, ran naked through the house, and spoke her mind, contrasting with the silly, socially conformist world Clarissa becomes a part of. Alternative lifestyle
      - In the present day, Sally has married and become Lady Rosseter, “with five sons,” representing how even she has been subsumed by social conventions.
      - “What part of myself did I give up to become Mrs. Dalloway?”
  - - - Chinua Achebe (born November 16, 1930, Ogidi, Nigeria—died March 21, 2013, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.) was a Nigerian novelist acclaimed for his unsentimental depictions of the social and psychological disorientation accompanying the imposition of Western customs and values upon traditional African society
        
        Themes
        
        Colonialism
        
        Masculinity, tradition, and fear
        
        Tragedy of rigid cultural norms
        
        Fragility of social order
        
        Form
        
        Realist narrative that incorporates Igbo proverbs and oral tradition-- FID
        
        Third-person perspective with cultural insider knowledge
        
        Key Ideas
        
        Okonkwo’s downfall is both personal and the result of colonial disruption
        
        Achebe rewrites African representation from the inside
        
        Oral Version:
        
        “Achebe uses a realist form enriched by Igbo storytelling to document the complexity of pre-colonial life. Okonkwo embodies the dangers of rigid masculinity, and his tragedy mirrors the cultural destruction wrought by colonialism.”
      - Post colonial literature
        
        Becomes increasingly prominent starting around mid-
        20th century with various anti-colonial independence
        movements accelerating after WWII. Assumes that culture is one of the fronts of colonialism,
        in addition to economic, political, and military takeover.
        Thus overturning imperial domination entails creating
        alternate literary and cultural representations (Salman
        Rushdie in a 1982 opinion piece, “the Empire writes
        back”)
    - - Samuel Beckett (born April 13?, 1906, Foxrock, County Dublin, Ireland—died December 22, 1989, Paris, France) was an Irish playwright, author, and critic who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1969. He wrote in both French and English and is best known for his plays on existential themes (Brittanica)
        
        Themes
        
        Absurdity; meaninglessness; waiting
        
        companionship
        
        Time as empty repetition
        
        Failure of language
        
        Form
        
        Absurdist drama
        
        Minimal plot; circular structure
        
        REPITITION
        
        Key Ideas
        
        Represents post-war existential uncertainty, homelessness
        
        Didi and Gogo wait for meaning that never arrives
        
        Language collapses into nonsense
        
        Laughing through tears of despair
        
        Beckett breakdowns meaning itself in his self described "tragicomedy". Waiting for Godot is an exploration of circular waiting. Vladimir and Estragon’s endless cycle reflect post-war crisis of faith within stability and identity.
- - - - (Harlem Renaissance / early modernism)
      - “The Weary Blues”
        
        Themes:
        
        Black musical expression; sorrow and resilience
        
        Jazz/blues rhythm as poetic form
        
        The artistry and interior life of African Americans
        
        Form:
        
        Musical cadence mimicking blues structure
        
        Mixture of dialect and standard English
        
        succinct:
        
        Hughes integrates blues rhythm directly into the poem’s structure, turning Black musical expression into high literary art.
      - “I, Too”
      - Themes:
        
        Assertion of Black identity
        
        Belonging and future justice
        
        Resistance through dignity
      - succinct:
      - Black identity ‘sings America,’ reclaiming national identity from exclusion. It’s deeply hopeful.
      - “The Negro Speaks of Rivers”
      - Themes:
        
        Ancient heritage; depth of Black history
        
        Connection to world civilizations
      - succinct:
      - Hughes roots Black identity in global history as opposed to oppression. The poem’s long lines mimic the slow movement of rivers.
      - “Nude Young Dancer”
      - Themes:
        
        Black beauty and bodily freedom
        
        Art and gaze
      - succinct:
      - Hughes celebrates the Black body as beautiful and vibrant, countering racist aesthetic standards.
      - “Let America Be America Again”
      - Themes:
        
        American ideal vs. American reality
        
        Multiracial working-class oppression
        
        Call for collective liberation
      - succinct:
      - Hughes critiques American hypocrisy while insisting on the possibility of a truer America.
      - “Harlem [2]” (“What happens to a dream deferred?”)
      - Themes:
        
        Explosive frustration under oppression
        
        Psychological consequences of racial injustice
      - succinct:
      - Hughes uses a series of sensory images to show the disgust of deferred justice, ending in the implied possibility of revolution.
      - “The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain” (essay)
      - Main Idea:
        
        Hughes argues that Black artists should embrace, not avoid, their Black identity.
        
        Rejects assimilationist pressures from white culture and the Black middle class.
      - succinct:
      - Hughes insists that authentic Black art must rise from Black experience, not from imitating white standards or trying to make "white" art. This essay becomes the manifesto of the Harlem Renaissance.
    - - Zora Neale Hurston (born January 7, 1891, Notasulga, Alabama, U.S.—died January 28, 1960, Fort Pierce, Florida) was an American folklorist and writer associated with the Harlem Renaissance who celebrated African American culture of the rural South. (Brittanica)
        
        Themes
        
        Black woman’s self-realization
        
        Love, independence, and voice
        
        Community, folklore, oral storytelling
        
        Gender and power
        
        Form
        
        FID narrative
        
        Blend of dialect and lyrical narration
        
        Folklore traditions meet modernist interiority
        
        Key Ideas
        
        Janie’s journey = search for autonomy and a voice
        
        Tea Cake represents freedom, love, true happiness outside of wealth
        
        Eatonville as Black self-governance
        
        The big house as a cage
        
        Hurston dialogue controversy
        
        Hurston combines southern Black folklore with modernist experimentation, exploring the treatment of black women through Janie’s journey toward selfhood. The novel’s use of dialect is not caricature but cultural affirmation (Hurston anthropologist?). Janie gains a voice by passing through three marriages, ultimately defining love and autonomy for herself.
  - - - Originally a composition meant for musical accompaniment. The term refers
        to a short poem in which the poet, the poet’s persona, or another speaker
        expresses personal feelings.
- - - - James, Turn of the Screw:
        
        Themes: Ambiguity, repression, the unreliable narrator.
        
        Untrustworthy in a religious psychosis type of way. Again in this era we see intense repression of sexuality within the home (ie, hysteria treatments, “lie back and think of England”). This text could be a larger commentary on societal pressures leading to breakdowns? Much like Melville.
        
        Form: Psychological realism; framed narrative blurs truth and perception.
        
        Key idea: The ghosts may or may not exist — James explores consciousness itself, not certainty.
        
        Oral tip: Emphasize syntax mirroring the governess’s psychological tension; precursor to stream-of-consciousness.
        
        I was so determined to have all my proof that I flashed into ice to challenge him. “Whom do you mean by ‘he’?”
        
        “Peter Quint—you devil!” His face gave again, round the room, its convulsed supplication. “Where?”
      - They are in my ears still, his supreme surrender of the name and his tribute to my devotion. “What does he matter now, my own?—what will he ever matter? I have you,” I launched at the beast, “but he has lost you forever!” Then, for the demonstration of my work, “There, there!” I said to Miles