Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Infectious diseases Green : etiological agent Blue : species…

- - - - CDV (morbillivirus, paramyxoviridae)
        
        Dogs, carnivores 3-6m
        
        Direct btw mucous mb (doesn't survive in envM) or via shedding, transplacental rare
      - Infection → macrophages → LN (no signs) → lymphoid organs (signs)
        
        Biphasic fever, meningitis, myoclonus, GI, coughing, hyperkeratosis
      - Inactivated < activated vaccines (8-12-16 → 1y → /3y.) with vaccine strains (≠ prot H)
        Desinfection sufficient
    - - CPV type 5 (rubulavirus, paramyxoviridae)
        
        Dogs >> wild animals, primates
        
        Respi tract, aerosol or sputum. Very contagious (esp high density)
      - Damages nasal and tracheal epithelia → mucociliary escalator dysfunction
        
        Normal : I T°, cough, nasal discharge, pahryingitis, good gen condition
        
        Complicated : depresison, anorexia, I T°
      - PCR, sero (complicated by vaccines), virus isolation to ≠ w other alike diseases
        
        Multivalent vaccines
    - - Canine adenovirus type A subtype I (mastadenovirus, adenoviridae)
        
        Dogs (more youngs and I density)
        
        Oronasal route via urine > feces, saliva, fomites, ectoparasites
      - Migration to tonsils → ln → blood → organs
        
        General signs → respi, GI, coag, nervous → ocular
      - Same as distemper. CAD type 2 less 2ary effects
    - - B. bronchoseptica, mycoplasma spp, CDV, CHV1, mammal retrovirus, CadV-A, CPV
        
        Young dogs, chronic respi disease > wildlife, rodents, cats, humans
        
        aerosol, sputum, oro-nasal contact, in utero
      - Bronchoseptica : invade hair cells of respi sst
        
        Mycoplasma : comensal of upper respi tract (2ary)
        
        Simple form : TBI cough, goose cry, expecrotation effort, no discharge. Heals sponta
        
        Complicated form : sst1 sings like anorexia, I T°, depression
      - Multivalent live attenuated of potentially fatal agents, x2 for parenteral, x3 for intranasal. Hygiene
    - - CPV2 + a, b, c (parvovirus, parvoviridae)
        
        Young canids & felids
        
        Direct feco-oral + urine and salive or via fomites. No vertical
      - Releases virions → divides cells (esp lymphoid and crypt enterocytes) → sepsis malabsorption, leukopenia
        
        Enteric form : lethargy, emesis, bloody diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss
        
        Cardiac form : rare, dyspnea, heart murmu, congestive HF, complaints, prostration
      - Clinical signs, blood test (D albumin, leukocytes and cholesterol,, thyroxin I serum CRP, TNF, cortisol, bilirubin), ELISA, PCR, electron microscopy, immunochromato, hemmagglu, isolation
        
        x2 or x3 for duramune and free breeding. Hygienee. Treat : IV, ab, antiemetic, analgesia, plasma or blood transfusion
    - - CCoV types I and II (alphacoronavirus, coronaviridae)
        
        newborn dogs > all ages
        
        Fecal-oral route
      - Destruction of SI villi
        
        Gastroenteritis
      - DD with CRCoV
        
        Vaccines exist but not used
    - - CRV (rotavirus, reoviridae)
        
        Youngs dogs and men
        
        Direct fecal-oral by feces
      - Destruction and necrosis of epithelial cells
        
        Mucoid and watery diarrhea
      - No vaccine. Hygiene and proper colostal intake
    - - WNV (flavivirus, flaviviridae)
        
        Birds > mammals (w dogs and humans)
        
        Mosquitoe bites > vertical, blood, eating conta1
      - Pyrexia > neuro (D capacities) and sst1 (I respi, I cardiac, discharge, arrythmias, diarrhea, abdo pain, etc) signs
      - PM
    - - MEV (protoparvovirus, parvoviridae)
        
        Minks, babies >
        
        Fecal-oral, very contagious
      - Weight loss, depression, watery→hemo diarrhea, dehydration
      - ELISA, fluorescence, lesions. DD w viral/bacterial lesions
        
        Culling, isolation when clinical signs. Vaccination (6-8w → /y) w multivalent. treat : Kaolin, pectin, neomycin
    - - AMDV (amdoparvovirus, parvoviridae)
        
        Mustellids (mink, ferret)
        
        Air + contact w fluids and fomites
      - forms ab-ag complexes → autoimmune inflammation
        
        Ascending paralysis, 2aty hemorrhages and infections, I γ globulin, liver & kidney damage
      - Micro exam for lympho+plasmo clusters > CEP, ELISA, IFA, PCR
        
        Hygiene and quarantine > testing. Vaccination contraindicated, palieative treatment
    - - I-CAV1 (mastadenovirus, adenoviridae)
        
        Foxes, dogs > other canids, skunks, bears
        
        Feces and saliva
      - Disseminated → viremia and necrosis of tissues
        
        Fox : mainly CNS : intermitten convulsions violent convulsions → paralysis.
        
        Dogs : per-acute (sudden death), acute (sst1), mild (same but less + "blue eye")
      - PCR, ELISA, hemoagglu, isolation, immunofluo
        
        Vaccine (after weaning → /y) w I-CAV2 live attenuated or inactivated. Mass vaccination + shedding → collective immunity
- - - - EHNV > European catfish virus, Bohle iridovirus, Santee-Cooper ranivirus, frog virus 3, Singapoor group iridovirus (ranavirus, iridoviridae)
        
        Perch, catfish, frogs, black bass, amphibians+fish
        
        Contact w conta1 water, equipment, fish
      - Trout : "head down", anorexia, swimming in spirals or slowly, distended abdo
      - PCR-REA, immunoperoxidase, ELISA
        
        No treatment of vaccine, biosafety
    - - SPDV, SVD (alphavirus)
        
        Atlantic salmons, rainbow trout >
        
        No arthropod vector (atypical for this genus), horizontal (contact), fat leakage from dead fish. Mortality varies wildy but up to 50%, high prevalence, Europe
      - SD : sudden anorexia, swimming slowly on surface, "sleepy" swmins at bottom of tank, I nb of fecal flows, D BCS.
        PD : I then D appatite (acute), abdonrmal swimming
      - Virus found in heart, pancreas > skeletal m, serum (viremic stage), brain kidneys, spleen, gills, mb, stool. PM lesions visible on theses tissues. Also PM yellow mucoid intestinal content. IHC (in pancreatic lesions in SD), RT-PCR, rapid viral neutralisation
        
        DNA and inactivated vaccines, usually monovalents, D mortality by 50% and D lesions
    - - IHN (novirhabdovirus, rhabdoviridae), 3 genetic groups (upper, medium, lower) based on geo distrib in NA (M found in europe)
        
        Salmons > trouts (esp socket salmons, rainbow trouts and chinook salmons <6m)
        
        → eco losses
      - Exophtalmos, pale gills, hemo and necrosis of GIT and hematopoietic organs, suddne I mortality, melanosis, hyperactivity, acsites, dilated abdo
      - Culture on adapted cell lines → ELISA, immunofluo or molecular methods (if cytopathic effects. RT-PCR in one step possible
        
        No vaccine, desinfection, separate youngs from adults, clean water supply, establish health status of eggs. No surveillance needed in zone decalred free
    - - Infectious hypodermic and hematopoietic necrosis virus
        
        Penaeid shrimps
        
        Asia, Australia, America, Israel. Contagious +++. Horizontal+vertical transmission. High mortality but eco impact unclear
      - D appetite, cannibalism, rising then falling in tank, white spots on skin
      - Suspi on signs, confirmed in histo (intranuclear inclusion bodies, hypertrophied nuclei, vacuolated cytoplasms w cytoplasmic bodies), e micro, DNA prove, bioassay
        
        No treatment
    - - SVCV (vesiculovirus, rhabdoviridae)
        
        Common carps (farmed>wild) > cyprinids >
        Youngs>adults (because seasonal)
        
        <18°C water, spring >, America, Asia, mortality → 70% so eco losses. Horizontal (urine, gill mucous, feces), blood-sucking parasites are vectors (carp-lice), piscivorous birds, vertical transmission minor
      - Multiplication of virus in cap endothelium, hemaro and excretory renal tissues cause fluid imbalances and death
        
        Acute, systemic, D swimming and breathing rates, sideways swimming, aimless slow mvM, rest in abnormal position, darker skin, swollen belly, exophtalmos, petechia, bruisingn white to yellow excretions, D Ht, D Hg
      - Lesions : edema, enteritis, peritonitis, hemo, anemia, splenomegaly.
        Detection in gills (inf d+2), kidneys, liver, spleen and intestines (d+4), viremia (d+5), feces (d+11)
        Suspi on signs, diag by IF or ELISA confirmed by isolation and virus neutralization. Do not freeze specimen. Molecular methods for id better that serolody
        
        Avoid overcrowding, long transport in spring, stress and bad quality water
    - - CyHV3 (herpesvirus, alloherpesviridae)
        
        Common carp > ornamental koi carp, koi carp and their hybrids only
        
        High to total mortality, total morbidity. US → EU → world. Horizontal (direct contact, water, nets, equipment, feces, urine, gills, skin), vertical
      - Incubation quicker in high T°s
        
        Acute signs in higher T°, latent in lower (=> asympto carrier fish). Gill necrosis w 2ary infections, anorexia, erratic swimming, lethargy, discoloration or redness of skin, bleeding on base of swimmers, I RR, I mucosal secretions in 1st phase of disease, enophtalmia
      - Virus in gills, kidneys and spleen. Diag complicated because 2ary infections, non-spec clinical signs and no signs at low T°. Directly w PCR, IF, isolation and id of virus. Indirectly w ELISA ab detection. PCR for asympto carriers (challenging)
        
        Tests imp before introducing animal into new terrotory (to avoid spreading). In suspected cases, samplings → quarantine and no intro of animals pending results → determination of origins and possible means of conta, other places of possible infections and check quarantine. No treatment, attenuated vaccine forbidden in EU. prevented by quarantine, washing equipment, testing and avoid illegal sources
    - - RSIV (iridoviridae)
        
        Perciformes > pleuronectiformes and tetraodontiformes
        
        Japan, summer, 20-60% mortality
      - Lethargy, seevre anemia, desperate swmin, splenomegaly, gill petechiae
      - Lesions : enlarged cells in kidneys, spleen, heart, liver and gills (inclusion carrier cells, pathognomonic)
        Giemsa on spleen swipes, isolation (1-2w), IF (w spleen impressions, cell cultures and sections), PCR (not reliable)
        
        Formalin-innactivated vaccine (1st vaccine for marine fish in the world). A free zone can stop surveillance
    - - VHS virus (novirhabdovirus) w 4 genogroups, multiple serotypes and antigenic groups.
        
        G1 : continental freshwater + Baltic sea, North sea and English channel
        
        G2 : Eastern baltic
        
        G3 : coastal waters of UK and ireland + one fjord in Norway
        
        G4 : North pacific + NA great lakes
        
        Farmed rainbow trout (not found in others like bass and turbots but susceptible). Juveniles and 4-14°C water >
        
        High mortality. Urine
      - Enters through gills → adhere and multiply in endothelial cells → patho in vessels in 2d → liver necrosis (4d) → other organs
        
        Acute : lying at bottom of tank, moribund, darken protruding eyes, pale gills with red dots
        
        Chronic : circular swmin, dark protruding eyes, grey-white gills ± red spots, less mortal, D TBC
        
        Nervous : fast spiral swim, constant blinking, tail chasing (freshwater>marine)
      - Lesions : swollen dark kidneys w melanomacrophages, pale mottled and necrotic liver, sst1 hemo (visible in eyes and vicera), heart necrosis (HF → death). better immune R in lower T° (=> better lasting immunity)
        Neutralization, ELISA, IFAT, DNA probes
        
        PNES is a plan for national free zone (prevention, surveillance, control)
    - - YHV
        
        Shrimp (giant tiger PL stages 20-25 and juveniles>)
        
        Acute epizootic w high mortality. Cannibalism, water, dead of alive infected, equipment
      - Some asympto. Yellow cephalothorax, gills yellow, white or brown, I then D of appetite, moribund and clump together near surface before dying
      - Suspi based on signs
        Lesions : massive sst1 necrosis
        E microscopy (cytoplasmic inclusionà, DNA probe in dvlpM, bio ID
        
        No treatment. D stress, removing sediments and organic matter, closed or semi-closed culture sst better (restict water supply), chlorine to desinfect water, selecting before hatching, avoid rapid changes in water pH. Vaccine in dvlpM
  - - - TSV (dicistroviridae) w 4 genotypes (≠ types of the main protein VP1)
        
        1 : Am
        
        2 : SE Asia
        
        3 : Belize
        
        4 : Venezuela
        
        Panaeid shrimps (P. vannamei - pacific white shrimp, P. stylirostris - pacific blue shrimp >) juveniles and adults + humans and monkeu
        
        Multiple vectors (birds, aquatic insects, frozen shrimps). Horizontal (cannibalism, water), vertical possible theoretically. Not mortal only for resistant bloodlines. More in lower salinity
      - Replicates in the cuticular epithelium and connective tissue (not in enteric tissues)
        
        Acute phase : pathognomo red coloration of tail (red tail disease), hypoxic, moves to surface, moribund, focal epithelium encrosis
        
        Transient phase : random melanized cuticular lesions
        
        Chronic phase : no obvious signs but immunity D, can be for life
      - Pathognomo signs in acute phase, ab-based detection in transient and chronic, samples form affected tissues, RT-PCR, ISH
        
        No vaccine, selection of resistent lines, desinfection of larvae and eggs, general husbandry practices, removing PCR +
    - - IMNV (totiviridae)
        
        Penaid shrimps (esp Pacific white and black tiger)
        
        Direct (cannibalism), indirect (water, sediments), vertical, Brasil and Asia
      - White necrosis of skeletal m, lethargy, redened tail
      - RT-PCQ, ISH, IHC, Western blot, TEM
        
        No treatment (only nonspec response in shrimps). Subclinical detection imp. Quarantine, mvM control, probiotics, desinfectino of shrimps and eggs, destruction of infected, deconta and vector conrtol. Notifiable to OIE
    - - Virbio spp.
        
        Penaeid shrimps (P. vannamei>), humans
        
        Laitn Am, Vietnam > US, SE Asia. Multiple potential vectors becaus vibrio is ubiquitous (crabs, zooplanktons, crayfish, birds, etc). Horizontal, feed pellets, cannibalism, no vertical. More i I T°, high salinity, low water exchange. High mortality
      - Commensal, opportunistic pathogens. Colonize stomach and secrete toxin PirABvp to the hepatopancreas (target organ) → detachement of epithelial w → become substrate to the bacteria to replicate → destruction of HP. Acute phase is otxicosis and chronic has 2ary bacterial infections
        
        Pale to white atrophied HP, empty stomach, black spots or streaks on HP, soft shells (chronic)
      - Molecular diag much faster than signs and lesions. esp PCR kits + histo
        
        Quarantine, mvM control and all the usual. tracing also transport vehicles. No vaccine or treatment
    - - Paenibacillus larvae
        
        Young bee larvae
        
        Worldwide. Dead larvae, very contagious and spores R to desinfection
      - Infeciton of larvae spreads quickly to the entire colony → not enough adult workers → colony death
        
        Colony signs : wet/oily opads, holes in lids, dried out larvae, foul odor, D activity
      - Inspect hive by reviewing frames idvd1, check viscosity of the dead larvae w the match test
        
        prophylaxis, good husbandry, regular inspection. Isolation, protection zone, heavily affected colonies destroyed (euthanized w sulfur dioxide then hive incinerated), desinfection w caustic soda or burning w blowtorch
    - - WSSV (Whispovirus, Nimaviridae)
        
        All decapod crustaceans, all life stages
        
        Taiwan → world. Vectors are copepods, non-decapod aquatic arthropods, insect larvae, marine molluscs, worms. Horizontal (consumption of affected tissues), vertical (trans-ovular). More prevalent in captivity, high mortality in penaeid shrimps. more w stressors (rapid changes of salinity)
      - Ectodermal and mesodermal embryonic tissues (cuticular epithelium, subcut connective tissues>)
        
        Lifelong infection. White spots in exoskeleton (→3mm, can coalesce in 2ary bacterial disease or high alkalinity), shrimp truns pink-red. Appearence of behavioral changes (lethargy, color turns to brown, congregate on edg eof pond, anorexia) indicate high chances of mortality
      - Samples from gills, hemolymph, pleopods for non-destructive 2s tep PCR → checked by histo, e micro or DNA probes
        
        IM injection of inactivated WSSV virions protect, immunostimulants (vit C, beta-glucan), general husbandry practices
    - - MrNV (Nodavirus, Nodaviridae) + possibly XSV (satellite virus enabled by MrNV)
        
        Macrobrachium rosenbergii (freshwater shrimp) > other penaieds
        
        Caribbean + Asia, super mortal → big eco losses. Horizontal or vertical.
      - Gills, head m, heart, adbo, ovaries, pleopoda, tail m
        
        Adult R but act as carriers. Lethargy, anorexia, opaque abdo m and whitish tail, cephalothorax x2 in size
      - Pleopoda sample for non-destructive RNA sampling. Necrotic m in histo. Definitive diag w PCR or ELISA
        
        Screening, no cure, quarantine and mvM restriction, general husbandry
    - - AbVH,
        
        Australian abalone species (haliotis)
        
        High mortality. Horizontal (direct, water, personnel)
      - Irregular peripheral concave elevation of the foot, turgid, swollen mouthparts that protrude before the pedosal m, paralysis of m → radula prolapsed and visible contours of 2 odontophore
      - Histo exam of nerve tissues, ganglineuritis, ln and neurolemma. Diag w e micro, DNA probes
        
        No transport of infected idvds, D stressors, chemical desinfectants. No surveillance in infection-free zone
    - - FV3 (ranavirus) w TEV one of it's strains
        
        Anura, caudata > fish, amphibians, reptiles
        
        NA, europe, asia, highly mortal. Horizontal (ingestion of infected animals, direct, water, equipments)
      - Similar to sepsis (=> can be misdiagnosed)
        
        Edema, hemorrhage and necrosis of ln, hemato tissues, liver, spleen, renal tubules in both F3V and TEV. In FV3 : depigmentation and peeling of skin.
      - Stomach is best samples, histo w intracytoplasmic basophilic inclusion bodies. TEM, ELISA, PCR, IH, virus isolation, cell culture
    - - xenohaliotis californiensis (Rickettsia, Anaplasmataceae)
        
        Wild+farmed abalones (haliotis spp.)
        
        Worldwide, high mortality and morbidity.. More w salinity, high t°. Horizontal (feco-oral, water)
      - GI epithelium c of the posterior esophagus, dig gland and intestine
        
        Peidc atrophy, mottle dig gland, anorexia, weakness, lethargy. lifelong infection. anorexia, D glycogen stores (use of foot m as energy source→death)
      - Histo (lesion on designated tissues), glycogen measure, smears to deect the bacteria, micro lesions, PCR, ISH, TEM
        
        D water T°, desinfect water w iodine. IM injection anf oral admin of ab D losses.
    - - Melissococcus plutonis
        
        EU, low prevalence. Horizontal (ingestion of conta food)
      - <48H old larvae infected → bacteria multiplies in gut → larvae expelled from colony, dies there, has 2ary bacterial infection or survives
        
        Not patho in adults. Irregular brood mozaic (hole in opercula, collapsed), larvae becomes yellow to brown
      - Hive visual inspection, DD w American w matchstick test (string <1cm)
        
        Very imp, same as american
- - - - EEEV, WEEV, WEEV (herborivirus, togavidae) JEV (flaviviridae)
        
        Equines > human
        Reservoirs : birds, wild rodent, pigs (JE)
        
        Blood-sucking athropds
      - Nervous (drowsiness, spasmp, circling, depression, anorexia), diarrhea, fever. JEE medium or severe form (violent, gen sweating and tremors)
      - ELISA, virus isolation (from brain, CSF or blood), etc
        
        No treatment, inactivated (attenuated for VEE) 2x 2-4 ITV or once >3mo→ /y. Notifiable, epidemio investigation, desinsfection, vector control
    - - Subtypes H7N7, H3N8 from species influenza A (influenza A, orthomyxoviridae)
        
        Equine
        
        Very contagious, direct via inhalation of aerosols from cough
      - Acute respi : strong dry cough, nasal discharge, usually sponta healing
      - Nasopharyngeal, nasal or tracheal swabs. RT-PCR, culture on embryonated eggs, ELISA, IH, SRH
        
        Vaccine 6m → 7m → 13m → 19m → /y (/6m if at risk). Sympto (NSAIDs for fever) and 3w rest min
    - - EHV-1 and EHV-2 (varicellovirus, herpesviridae)
        
        Equines
        
        Direct and indirect, via nasal secretions, abotus and its products
      - Respi form : from both, flu-like w cough, runny nose)
        
        Abortive form : (EHV-1>) mare not sick, usually at the end of pregnancy. Foal can still be alive when born but dieas within days
        
        Nervous form (EHV-1>) non-spec locomotor and CNS issues (paralysis of penis, no bladder contraction, etc)
      - 2 ab tests, swabs from nose, runt or placenta
        
        Separate broomares, 3w quarantine, work on mares first. Vaccine 2x 1m ITV → 6m → /y (more possible for mares). D abortion rates
    - - Sterptococcus ssp. equi & ssp. zooepidemicus
        
        Horses
        
        Very contagious, a lot of carriers
      - ssp. equi : submandibular abcesses that can heal sponta or rupture, mucopurulent discharges, infla of upper respi tract (also in other organs in chronic form "bastard stang")
        
        ssp. zooepidemicus : abortion and foal paralysis
      - PCR > clinical signs, culture form nasal swabs
        
        Hygiene, separation of sick horses, vaccinationrest and good conditions, 3-5d pannicilin in early outbreaks
    - - BDV-BMV (orthobornavirus, bornaviridae)
        
        Horse, sheep > human and others
        
        Direct, food or water via saliva, nasal and nasal conjunctival secretions. I in spring and summer and w bad herd halth status
      - Like rabies : replicate in neurons near inoculation → migrate through PNS to CNS → disseminate in CNS (esp hyppo)
        
        Mostly asympto. if not :
        
        Initial phase : I T°, anorexia, colic, constip
        
        Acute phase : I T°, neuro signs (I response to stimuli, proprioception deficit, abnormal posture, etc
        
        Final phase : paralysis → convulsions, head against wall, recumbency, pedaling, death in 80-100% of cases or healing or chronic form
      - Clincal (complicated), sero (blood, brain, only in acute phase), histo-path (Joest-Degen inclusion bodies), nested RT-PCR (blood, brain, not in mutation), virus isolation (brain, often too low)
        
        None and vaccine tests on rats inconclusive
    - - EAV (arterivirus, arteriviridae)
        
        Equine
        
        Direct (venereal > respi > vertical) > indirect
      - Enters phagocytic c → x in ln → epithelium via bloodstream → clinical signs → shedded
        
        Usually none. Flu-like, edema of sloping areas, respi signs, transient subfertility, foal mortality
      - Virus isolation, PCR (nasopharynx, placental, fetal organs, systematic in abortions), serological (2 ab titers 14d ITV)
        
        Cat 2 health hazard, if + → confirmation by national lab & DDPP notification. Vaccine and tests recommended (or mandatory) in at risk animals
- - - - BVDV (Pestivirus, Flaviviridae), serotypes 1 and 2 w both cytopathic and non-cytopathic types
        
        Cattle > small ru (more border disease)
        
        IPIs > transient viremics, horizontal (nasal and respi secretions, muzzle-to-muzzle, droplets, not envM) and vertical (fetus born IPI or aborted). Triggered in herd by intro of IPI or contact w neighbouring herd
      - Part of the BVD complex (see BPIV3)
        
        Non, spec
        
        IPIs : "mucous disease", spec form to them w mouth and interdigital ulcers, profuse diarrhea, early death. Or asympto
        
        New borns : malformation (ocular, cerebelar, cerebral), fetal hemo disease (hypervirulent strain)
        
        Adults : flu, repo pb, dig and repsi disease R to treatment
      - Sero in blood and milk, viro in blood, organs and auricular cartilage. Special because IPIs pz negative serology and positive ones are transient that aren't contagious anymore (couterintuitive) + vaccines can interfere
        
        No treatment or mandatory reporting, screening, monitoring (3-6m tank test, 8-10 sentinel cows to test IPI). Screen to find IPI avery year → eliminate all and retest → minimize risk factors (hygiene, vaccines that require boosters but D signs and stop IPIs)
    - - BPIV3 (Paramixoviridae), 3 genotypes (A, B and C for China) w 2 antigenic subtypes
        
        Bisons, humans (found in multiple others)
        
        Horizontal (aerosols for days, direct)
      - Part of BVD complex : viral pathogen→ 1ary infection → damage of lung parenchyma, D of immune response, impairing musocal barrier and respi pathogen clearance → mild clinical signs of BRD + facilitates proliferation of opportunistic bacterial patohgens in upper respi tract and translocation in lung → bacterial infections and compromission of lungs
        
        Fever, depression, anorexia, nasal and ocular serous discharge, I RR, tracheal rales, abortion, pneumonia, bacterial overinfection
      - Lesions (mucosal necrosis, interstitial pneumonia, alopecia), detectables 8d PI, samples (tracheal washing, nasopharyngeal swabbing), RT-PCR, ELISA, virus neutralization. + results doesn't always mean have to be treated (vaccine, subclinical BPIV3, multifactorial etiology) so have to be interpreted w overall condition of animal
        
        Vaccines : live attenuated IN at 3w, 2m, 3m→ /9w and IM at 3w→3-4w later→/6m, innactivated IM anytime after 2wo, 2x4w itv before 3m
        Prevention w good husbandry, treatment w αIF and ab for 2ary bacterial infection
    - - BHV1 (causes both diseases, Varicellovirus, Herpesviridae) subtypes 1.1 and 1.2
        
        Bovidae
        
        Horizontal (nose-to-nose, fomites, spontaneosu after being latent), mortality not super high but D prod
      - Nasal or genital mucosa entry → dessimenation → necrosis and ulcers of mc mb → dissemination in blood and 2ary locations (ovaries, placenta) → retrograde axonal transport to CNS where stays latent (anterograde transport to fo back to body if re-activated). Abortions caused by virus crossing placental via uterine artery and causing lytic infection of the fetus and necrotizing all internal organ (esp liver and kidneys)
        
        Varies because immunosuppresive and 2ary bacterial infections.
        
        Repro : chronic necrotizing endometritis, overitis, shorten estrus, post-estrus infections→D fertility. Abortions or neonatal deat hand weak calves of infections happen during last trimester
        
        IPV and BPI : pustular infla w edema and redness on genitalia males anf femals, I T° (41.5), the pustules become ulcers and lesions dissapear after 1-2w
      - Undetectabl ein latents, samples from nasal and vaginal + pulped tissues. Cultures on bovine kidneys, testis or lungs, indirect IF, PCR, ELISA or blocking ELISA (≠ from vaccinated w glycoptro E added to vaccine)
        
        Notifiable, desinfect fomites, vaccination IN <3m, live attenuated x1-2/6-12m, inactivated 2x3w itv from 3-4m (no colostral ab interference)
  - - - 2 major groups from genus macavirus, fam herpesviridae
        
        Group alcelaphinae/hippotraginae : AlHV-1, AlHV-2, HiHV1 and viruses carried by oryxes
        
        Artyodactyles
        
        Often deadly, worldwide + in any country farming deer or bisons
        
        AlHV1 : acellular form via ocular and nasal secretions, direct contact, aerosols, vertical
        
        AlHV1 : GIT (diarrhea, ptyalism, hemorrhagic gastro), eye and nose discharge, CNS (incoordination, apathy, abnormal behavior), skin (crusting, ulceration, weight loss, hyperkeratosis, hoof wall detaches), respi (dyspnea, coughing)
        
        Subclinical : most dead end hosts
        
        Peracute : in highly ussceptible. Depression, diarrhea, weakness, dysentry and quick death (esp bison)
        
        Cows : + more apparent, I T°, anorexia, D milk prod, swollen joints
        
        Bisons : hide signs until close to death
        
        Deer : acute w death before signs
        
        In more resistant species : depression, rough coat
        
        Group caprinae : OvHV2 (most imp → wildebeast-association form), CpHV2, MCFV-WTD and viruses carried by ibex, muskox and mufflons
        
        Artyodactyles
        
        Often deadly, worlwide + in any country farming deer of bisons. OvHV2 esp in African parcs
        
        OvHV2 and CpHV2 : shedding (esp lambs), has a lot of asympto dead end hosts
        
        OvHV2 : often fatal in pigs
        
        Acute and peracute : fever, dyspnea. Pigs
        
        Chronic : foul nasal discharges, erosion of oral and anal mucosa, corneal edema, uveitis, hematuria, repro losses, neuro signs
        
        1w-old piglets : fever, apathy, anorexia, adipsia, transient raches and convulsion, corneal opacity, diarrhea
      - Diagnosis
        
        For sick animals
        
        PCR on lymphoid tissues, histopath and eliminating other causes
        
        AlHV1 also with blood + sero tests : immunofluo and immunohisto from thyroid in bovines, ELISA, immunoblotting, viral neutralization
        
        OvHV2 and CpHV2 can't be isolated in cell cultures ⇒ no sero tests
        
        Sero>PCR to id subclinical animals, separating ≠ species (also not grazing in same pasture right after), harder in zoos.
        No vaccine, no spec treatment, ab therapy + supportive care but mortality high
        
        For reservoir hosts
        
        PCR, seroconversion, maternal ab last 4m (so false positive possible), neutralisation of virus not useful because titers of neutralizing ab are low or ab, AlHV1 from cell cultures in gnu
    - - VRSB (Pneumovirus, Pneumoviridae)
        
        Cattle
        
        Winter, autumn > (virus sensitive to hear + birth season). Horizontal (aerosols, contact, direct, soiled hands). Causes recurrence infection => either chronic carriers or circu during the year btw idvd. High prevalence in adults
      - Only respi sst (no dissemination in the body). VRSB acts on CD4 typa 2 response →bronchial hyperactivity, infla, necrosis
        
        Gen syndrome (I T°, anorexia, febrile syndrome) transient. Mainly respi signs : mucopurulent or mucous discharges, cough, polypnea, abdo dyspnea, subcut emphysema, rhinotracheitis, bronchopneuminea, "acute repsi distress syndrome", pulmonary edema and emphysema
      - Lesions : on cranioventral lungs bronchial interstitial pneumonia, on caudodorsal interlobular and subpleural emphysema. + necrotizing bronchiolitis
        Diag : PCR, ELICA, immuno chromato w tran-tracheal aspiration, bronchio-alveolar lavage or deep nasal swabs on live animals. On dead : RT-PCR, IHC, histo (cranioventral lung lobes)
        
        Attenuated and inactivated vaccines but don't prevent reinfection w other strains and pb w nb of ≠ strains, pz of maternal ab, need to vaccinate at an age when immune sst immature so can have reaction, etc
    - - Ephemerovirus (Lyssavirus group, Rhabdoviridae), only 1/5 serotypes pathological
        
        Cattle, domestic buffalo in intensive dairy or meat > wild ru
        
        Blood-sucking arthropod vectors (mosquitoes, culicidae) and infected animals. Tropical and subtropical, more in hot and humis seasons. Big eco losses, morbidity high, mortality low
      - Enters body → asso w neutrophils → endothelial c infection and D Ca → paralytic nervous signs
        
        Biphasic hyperhtermia :
        
        1st suddent peak and general condition D (infla joints, anorexia, stiff gait, I RR, I pulse, edema), loss of swallowing then other reflexes → coma and death.
        
        2nd peak 1 day after the 1st w respi issues (polypnea, wheezing, tearing, emphysema) and arthritis, lameness, paresis, mastitis, D milk prod, D fertility, abortions, death or remission
      - Serofibrinous exudates in the joints (pathognomo). Diag difficult w/out, but use epidemio elements (pz of vectors) + short term fever and immature neutrophils. Id w cell culture on mouse brain. IF, ELISA, RT-PCR, virus isolation
        
        Sympto treatment (ab, anti-infla). Live attenuated vaccines (2x 15d itv) > inactivated for prophylaxis (recombinant vaccine in dvlpM)
  - - - Prion → classic or atypical forms
        
        Cattle >2yo, humans (possible to cause Creutsfeldt-Jakob via meat consumption)
        
        Classic : transmitted via food, rare now
        
        Atypical : low prevalence
        Vertical ?, from sheep, wild bovidae, etc. UK, Portugal are high risk, other EU and NA countries are low risk and highly imporbable in SA and Oce
      - A type of subacute transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE, like scrapies, Creutzfeldt-Jakob or wasting disease). Neuro disorder
        
        Incubation 2-5y, D HR, balance and locomotor pb (→paralysis), hyperestesia, aggression, nervosity, depression, D milk prod, usually lasts weeks
      - Clinical signs, no method to confirm in live animals, in dead, histo (medulla oblongata), IHC, western blot
        
        Notifiable. No treatment, outcome always death. removal of nervous and lymphatic tissue to avoid conta, milk and dairy products safe. Monitor (western blot from NS), careful to imported animals
    - - Schmallenberg virus (Othrobunyavirus, Bunyaviridae)
        
        Cattle > sheep
        
        Insect bites (mosquitoes⇒seasonal), reservoirs (domestic livestook, sloth, marmosets, etc, men are dead end hosts). Worldwide (>EU)
      - I T° (40), poor condition, anorexia, D milk prod, diarrhea, abortion, congenital fetal apb, only days
        
        In sheep : mainly I stillbirths, aboritons and birth defects
      - Not notifiable but must be notified as emerging. No vaccine, treatment symptomatic. Surveillance based on signs (esp parturitions)
    - - BCoV (+ BRoV, Salmonella, Pestivirus, Giardia, etc)
        
        Domestic + wild cattle young (4-30do), sucklers, males, younger > dairy
        
        Worldwide, low incidence. Can be epidemic (all calves affected, short period), epidemic puff (only part, short period) or endemic (returning each y w I severity). Autumn-winter
      - Excreeted by feco-oral or aeronasal route. Ileum, colon (lesions and death of enterocytes, replaced by immature crypt cells)
        
        Dig, respi (pneumo-enteric), GENN. Malabsorption-maldigestion syndrome, yellow-green diarrhea w blood clots, milk, mucus + depression, I T°, D WBC
      - RT-PCR, ELISA, HG from feces (can be from multivalent test kits, ELISA or IC)
        
        IN vaccine w live attenuated
    - - VFHCC (Nairovirus, Bunyaviridae), 7 genotypes (3-5-7 in Af, 1-2 in Asia and Middle East, 4-6 in EU)
        
        Cattle, humans
        
        Ticks or contact w fluids. Endemic mode in steppes, epizootic seasonally (summer) in amplifier hosts (wild and domestic mammals) and epidemic possible (→nosocomial spread)
      - Pre-hemo phase : 2nd-4th d, flu (I T°, chills, migraine, confusion, aggression, asthenia, I HR, hypotension, lymphadenopathy)
        
        Hemo phase : 3rd-6th d, subcut hemo (petechaie, bruises on mc mb and skin), external hemor (melena, hematemesis, hematuria, menometrorrhagia), internal hemo (lungs, IC, retroperitoneal), multivisceral failure
        
        Convalence : 5th-14thh d, w persistent asthenia, I HR, alopecia, deafness, D vision
      - RT-PCR, detection of ab by serology. Blood test (D TBC, D Hg, D coag, I liver and kidney parameters). Certain diag on blood, plasma, serum, saliva, urine and biopsies → RT-PCR, ELISA (less sensitive), IF, cell culture
        
        No treatment, ribavirin doesn't quite work. Vector control (no vaccine)
    - - Prion
        
        Deers (white-tail, mule, elk, moose, not caribou), 3-4yo>
        
        Canada, US, Norway. vertical ?, horizontal (conta food or water, saliva, feces, urine)
      - Degen fatal brain disease (type of TSE)
        
        Can last weeks, depression, aggression, signs of panic, can't judge distances, PuPd, hard swallowing (can → foreign body pneumonia and death), anorexia, gradual deterioration
      - Hard to confirm, impossible when animal alive
        
        No treatment or vaccine. Notifiable. Very hard to control (PPP→36m, can't diag or treat, etc). Can possibly cause disease in humans like BSE but unkown atm
- - - - OPI-3 (respirovirus, paramyxoviridae)
        
        Sheed (lambs <1yo)
        
        Respi route, shedded via waste and tears
      - Bronchiole necrosis + promotes colo of respi tract by bacteria (M. hemolitica) → enzootic pneumonia
        
        Usually asympto. Cough, discharge → I T°, polupnea, depression, dyspnea
        Enzootic pneumonia deadly
      - Hemagglutination, ELISA
        Immunofluo, PCR of bronchoalveolar lavage in living
        Indirect immunofluo on lung section in dead
        
        Vaccine against Pasteurella
    - - OAV serotypes 1→7 (mastadenovirus or atadenovirus)
        
        Sheep, lambs
        
        High prevalence
      - Often nothing. Diarrhea → + respi (flushing conjunctivitis, tearing) → only respi chronic (purulent discharge, cough, breathing pb). In lambs : anorexia, weakness, abdo distension, sudden death
      - Lesions, ag in liver, intestines, kidneys
    - - NSD virus (nairobivirus, bunyaviridae)
        
        Domestic sheep > goats, humans
        
        Ticks (rhipicephalus), in Africa during wet season
      - Virus into blood via ticks → intestinal epithelium → necrosis and cap rupture → hemorrhagic enteritis → diarrhea → electrolyte and water loss → death
        
        Usually signs only for non-endemic animals. Febrile phase (I T°, anorexia, depression, mucous nasal discharge potentially bloody) → watery produfes, green, hemo diarrhea. Abortion and vulvar edema in pregnants
      - Ab detection by hemagglu, immunabs and indirect immunoflu (2 samples for ≠). Fluorescein or immunoperoxidase staining. PM on spleen, mesenteric ln, heart and GIT
        
        Antiparasitic. Live attenuated vaccines /y before rainy season (inactivated ones seem more efficient). No spec treatment, fluids and broad spectrum ab
    - - PrPsc
        
        Sheep (VRQ > ARQ, ARH, AHQ > ARR) > goats
        
        Orally from lymphoid tissue, placenta, nervous tissue, indirect, vertical (not btw species)
      - PrPsc → changes of conformation of PrP → neurone necrosis and spreading
        
        Spongiform encephalopathy : changes in behavior (excitability, worry, hyperesthesia), musculoskeletal pb (ataxia, posture, myoclonus), neurovege pb (ptyalism, urine incontinence, pruritus, nostril and ear mvM, I licking, weight loss but good appetite, ascending paralysis)
      - PM analysis of nervous tissue and brain stem from head put in formalin. Detect PrPsc by Wastern blot, immunochem, ELISA
        
        Epidemio surveillance if + case (genotyping, culling, isolation, census, etc). No treatment
    - - Louping ill virus (flavivirus, flaviviridae)
        
        Youngs, sheep > goats
        
        Ticks > milk (goats). Also inhalation, ingetion, wound in humans
      - x in ln → blood or lymph → brain and lymphoid organs
        
        Usually asympto (esp goats). I T° no visible → 2nd I T° + neuro signs (ataxia, tremors, circling, hyperestesia, "leaping") → convulsions, coma and death
        Sequelae (torticolis, paresis), sponta healing or sudden death possible
      - Sero by hemagglu + histo on CNS. Confirmed by brain or blood IC inoculation in mice
        
        Supportive, oxytetracycline experimental
  - - - JSRV (Betaretrovirus)
        
        Young lambs (<6m) >
        
        Worldwide, horizontal (air when coughing, fluid)
      - Contagious tumor of respi epithelium (= broncho-alveolar human cancer). Inhalation → infection of alveolar and bronchial secretory epithelium → malignant secretory cell proliferation and I lung fluids → porgression of adenocarcinoma (→10-15cm)
        
        Cachectic respi signs, usually from size of tumor compromising lung function. Shortness of breath, wet cough, crackling lung sounds, apyretic
      - Lesions, wheelbarrow test (hang ewe and collect fluid) , no humoral response so no sero test
        
        No vaccine, no treatment, control and inspection at slaughter
    - - MVV (Lentivirus, Retroviridae)
        
        Sheep (Texels), 2-4yo > goats, mufflons
        
        Horizontal (contact, consumption of colostrum > food, water), vertical (negligeable)
      - Entry (mucosa, transcut routes → in lungs, mam, CNS, joints → multiplication in macrophages → progressive infla lesions). Immune R innefective
        
        Maedi : dominant respi : progressive pneumonia, dypsnea, dry cough, death by anoxia or 2ary bacterial
        
        Visna : dominant nervous : chronic encephalomyalitis, artritis, mastitis, more discreet, m tremors, paresis, blindness, death by starvation
      - I titer in coinfection w lung adenocarcinoma virus, lesions (can be hidden by 2ary bacterial, marbled lungs, indurative mastitis). Diag w titers (viral isolation, ab, PCR) + history. Samples from lungs (bronchoalveolar lavage) in Maedi, brain in Visna
        
        No vaccine, no treatment, isolation, pasteurized milk, slaughtering of positives, sero testin
    - - Group A > B, 52 strains (most common is G6 and G10)
        
        Young goats > humans (possible)
      - Most common cause of diarrhea (multifactorial, mainly by rotavirus, salmonella, cryptosporidium and e coli)
        
        Diarrhea
    - - SRMV/PPRV (Morbillivirus, Paramyxoviridae) w 6 structural proteins + 2 non-structural
        
        Sheep, goats > wild small ru
        
        Africa, ME, SE and Central Asia
      - Acute, like rinderpest in cattle
        
        I T°, serous ocular and nasal discharge, diarrhea, pneumonia (intersitial pnuemonia), erosive lesion (esp mouth > GIT, urogenital)
      - Suspi w signs, confirmed w RT-PCR, AGID, hemato from ln (mesenteric, bronchial), lung, spleen , intestinal mucosa)
        
        Free zone, sampling, id and cull in outbreaks, free status again when negative sampling. Live attenuated vaccine for life-long immunity
    - - CAEV (Lentivirus, Retroviridae), 6 RNA subtypes (1 in Iceland, 2 NA, 3 Norway, 4 France, 5 France+Swiz+NA, 6 Swiz)
        
        Small ru (positive test in humans but not patho, false + HIV tests if drink infected goat milk)
      - Colostrum of milk w infected macrophages → infected c pass thorugh intestine and enter RES → infected monocytes reach target tissues (synovial, intertisial lung, plexus choroid, mam) → lymphoproliferative lesions
        
        5 forms : joint (most common, in adults, polysynovitis and arthritis, exostosis), mam (local, retroviral mastitis, hard udder), lung (progressive intert pneumonia, chronic), nervous (progressive paralysis and leucoencephalomyelitis in youngs), cahectizing
      - PCR of PMBC (less sensitive than ELISA), RX (lungs, joints), CFS exam for nervous form, lesions
        
        Sero on females 1-2/y, separation of kids, feeding w treated milk, good husbandry. Ab if 2ary bacterial infection, sympto treatment