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Intro to Endocrinology, Hormones, Hormone Analysis, Endocrine Gland,…

- - - - Signal peptide cleaved off, inactive segment of prohormone cleaved off
        
        Hormone segment remains
  - - - POMC cleaved by PC1 -> Pro-ACTH & B-LPH
      - Pro-ACTH cleaved by PC1 -> N-POC & ACTH
      - B-LPH cleaved by PC2 -> y-LPH & B-END
      - y-LPH cleaved by PC2 -> B-MSH
  - - - Consist of a and B subunit peptide chains
      - Linked by non covalent bonds
      - a subunit is common to all, B subunit provides specificity
    - - Increase half-life and protect from degradation
  - - - Travel freely in blood
      - Not good at crossing plasma membrane
- - - - Once here, cholesterol becomes Pregnenolone using CYP11A1 enzyme
        
        this is the important first step
        
        Pregnenolone can go down many pathways with help from CYP and HSD enzymes
    - - activates enzymes needed to create different steroid hormones
  - - - Transported bound to carrier proteins in blood
      - can readily pass through plasma membranes
    - - These receptors are bound to chaperone proteins (heat shock proteins)
      - upon binding, they dissociate from chaperone proteins and translocate to nucleus
      - In nucleus they form homodimer and bind to DNA
        
        Basically function as transcription factor to regulate gene expression
        
        Bind to to DNA response elements that consist of two inverted repeats (Palindromic)
- - - - T3 is active hormone
    - - carrier proteins in blood
      - enter cells via transporter proteins
      - bind to intracellular receptors
- - - - Blood flow, blood clot formation, fever, pain, inflammation, labor
    - - Immune regulation, inflammation, allergic diseases
- - - - Results in conflicting findings
  - - - Conflicting findings
- - - - Binds Estradiol and Testosterone
    - - Binds Glucocorticoids
    - - Binds Thyroid Hormones
    - - Nonselective
      - binds them all, but at lower affinity
      - used as a back up