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Clinical psychology and mental health T4 P1 - Coggle Diagram
Clinical psychology and mental health T4 P1
Definitions in the field of mental health
Socially deviant people, carry undesired social traits (such as shouting in a caffe)
A limitation is deviation from Socail and cultural norms is not generalisable across cultures. Cultural norms shape social norms -> norm varies inter culturally
A strength is social norms can be used to assess mental health, for example someone with anti social behaviours can be assessed for schizophrenia
Deviaiton from Socail and cultural norms is one of the four definitons in the feild of mental health
Time affects socail norms, in 20th century ireland women were arrested for being single. -> normal now
FFA, Failure to function adequately. -> someone who experiences this cannot cope with every day norms like showering, eating or going to work
Rosenhan and sleigman1989 four signs of FFA: distress, harm inflating, irrational social norms
Can be detrimental to relationships: force others to fall out of friendships due to distance
A strength is traits of FFA are observable so they can be diagnosed and treated quicker than other mental health issues
A limitation of FFA is it a subjective measure, some people may have reasons for not doing certain things therefore it lacks validity
Deviation in mental health -> Jahoda 1958 created a list of mental health a critera
Autonmy -> being able to be indepdent
Strength: holistic apporach -> factors the whole person rather than genetic influences for example
Limtation: It is a bad measure of mental health -> reasons for not being low stress
Stress management
Self actualised
Perception of reality
Enviromental mastery
Positive atitudes toward the self
Statistical infrequnecy -> one of the 4 defintions in feild of mental health
Looking at mental health from a statistical veiwpoint with data sets and distrubition curves
IQ of 100 is average/ between 70 and 130 95% of population, 2.5% below 70, 2.5% above 130.
Hm case -> antograde amnesia = statistically infreqeunt
0.03% of the population have schitzopherina 1 in 300 = socially deviant or people with IQ below 70 or above 130
Strength -> relaitlbity, replicable graphs and data sets by stats = standserised procedure
Limitaiton -> Depression would not be recgonised as statistically infrequent. 1-10 people experience it once in their life time. -> high prevlence rate
Phobias
Charectistics of phobias, phobias as a reponse to organisms, objects, situations or conecpts
reponse of freezing on the spoot, running away, high stress and extreme anxeity,
DSM-5 catagorised phobias, trypopphobia, claustrophobia, aracnophobia
Reponse of selective attention to specific details like not speaking when a man with a beard sits near you
People with phobias will go to extreme measures to avoid them, like not taking a plane because fear of planes
Extreme emotional distress, high anxeity even when in socailly normal situations
Delusional perceptions of relaity, like not stareing in fear of being attacked
Two way process model -> Behavoiurism into phobias
Classical conditoing, learning by association as the pinicle of phobias -> example being scratched by cat at aunties house so fear develops of cats
Then operant condtioing, being postivily reinforced by consquence of avoiding the phobia like not going to the aunts or not passing by a house with ginger cats (selective attention)
Strength: little albert example where infant is condtioned to be afraid of animals
limitation: evolutionary fears being genetically preditermined
Systematic desensitization is phobia treatment in stages using reverse classical conditioning in attempt to cure a phobia, can take up to weeks or months
Patients undergo a relaxation stage if it's too much for them -> drug biological therapy with drugs like daizepam, breathign exercises and visulisation
8 stages for example with arachnophobia: visualise a spider, see images of a spider, enter a room with a spider, look at spider in a box, be close to a spider, see someone touch a spider, touch a spider, hold it
The aim is to move up the herichy with minimal stress, can be taken slowly if needed
Strength = gilroy et al 2003, 42 patients under 3 45 m sessions. 3-33 months better towards their phobia than control group
Limitations = Phobias have limited external validity, less likely to apply phobias in real life. Other phobias can replace the cured phobia = useless
Flooding is sudden exposure of a conditioned phobic stimulus on a patient directly to their phobia in one short session
Its an extreme way of dealing with fear as patients can't escape their fear they just have to deal with, polar opposite to SD
An example would be dropping a spider on an arachnophobe
A strength on SD is its economic implications. It is cheap and efficent
A limitation is it highly unethical, Schumacher et al (2015) found it to stress patients far more than SD
Depression
Depression is a mood related mental illness which affects: energy, decision making, prior interest in pleasurable subjects
DSM5 categories depression into the 4: Major depressive disorder: short outbursts of depression. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder: outgoing outbursts of anger in adolescents. Persistent depressive disorder: long term outbursts of depression. Premenstrual depressive disorder: depression pre menstrual cycle
Has characteristics of persisted change of energy, shift in sleep cycle (waking up early or late), affected appetite, aggression or self harm
Gives suffers feelings of catastrophic, a negative world view, feelings of sadness, hopelessness, anger, low self esteem, loss of interest, poor concentration, poor ability decision making, irrational thinking
Ellis created the ABC model in 1962 in belief that irrational thoughts are the cause of depression
Strength: ideographic apporach -> valeuable to the research of pyscholgy -> self assement
Limitation: Limited external validty doesnt apply to endogenous depression as it has no activtation phase
A: Activating event -> loosing a job
B: Beleif -> Your not good enough for the job
C: Consequence -> you inflict self harn
Depression
Cognitive explainations to depresion involves internal mental processes, beck 1967. -> irrational thoughts, faulty perception, irregular mental processess which lead to depression
Faulty perception leads to -> catasrophazing, seeking out the negative, overgeneralising, irrational thinking
Beck formed a negative traid nergative veiw on: the world, future and yourself
A schema is a shortcut information packet for simplification, Becks triad invovles negative schemas -> jumping to conclusion -> constant reminder of worthlessness
Strength = CBT good aplication, good external valdity
Limtation = doesnt factor in genetic influence like seritonin levels -> hollistic approach
CBT is the most common therapy for curing depression as a mental illness
CBT invovles: journaling thoughts -> writing what botheres you, relaxation processes -> muscle relaxation, breathing exeriences, visulation. cognitive restructuring -> turning negative thoughts into postive thoughts. Gilded descovery -> negative and irraitonal thoughts being challenged. Activity scheuling and behavoiur activiaton -> stop procrastination, acting on decsions
The aim is to get the client to beat depression alone. 5-20 sessions 30- 60 mins each Very here do now
Strength: Free will is utilised, patients have options and lacks deterministic approaches
Limitation: ideogrpahic dimension, people who dont express themselves experience worse treatments. Verbose people
CBT identfies the irraitonal thoguhts and challenges them under becks traid. The clients are set homework where they document moments in their life which they find depressing. They are questioned on their irrational thoughts and challenged
REBT extends becks negative traid from ABC to ABCDE -> dispute and effect. Helps improve irrational beleifs through robust arguments. Logical arguemnts -> based on logic and emperical arguments -> factual
OCD
OCD is an anxiety disorder which stems from obessive thoughts and compulsive behavoiurs
Cognitive behavoiurs: Obsesive thoughts (90%), awareness, coping mechnisms like grounding objects, catasorphisizing
Emotional behavoiurs: fear, anxeity, depression, disgust, guilt or being overwhelmed
Behavoirual chacteristics: compulsions are repetitive, time consuming, reduce anxiety, avoidance of specific situations
Obsessive thoughs derive from: 'germs are everywhere' or 'it is dangerous to go outside'
Compulsions derive from avoiding specific situations or washing hands often
OCD is a hertible genetic disorder -> candiate genes are vunerablity against OCD -> more likley to be inherted through first degree relatives -> Polygenic disorder -> affects vunerability and inhertance. A specific gene variation may affect one person which OCD but not another in the asme gene pool
OCD invovles genes in serotoninergic and dopminergic pathways -> dopemine and serontnin are neurotransmitters involved in mood, emotions and motivation
Strength: Nestadt et al 2010 -> 68% of MZ twins experienced OCD shared compared to 31% of DZ twins -> valdity + genetic explanation
Limitation: Enviromental factors invovled in OCD, twins lifestlye factors, by ignoring these = biological reductionism -> lacks biological power
The COMT gene deregualtes dopeamine, irregular dopeamine levels are linked to OCD. The COMT gene balacnes dopeamine levels, COMT gene regualates compuslive behavoiurs
The SERT gene also plays a cruical role in OCD, low levels of seritonin are found in OCD, Sertonin balances mood which leads to reuglation of obessive thoughts
The biological approach to curing OCD assumes that OCD is a result of an inbalance in seritonin, serotonin is a neurtransmitter associated with mood. Low or irregular levels lead to an imbalance of Mood. Leads to lack of raitonal behavoiur in the brain which leads to obsessive thoughts
Antidepressant durgs used to tackle OCD are called SSRIs. Reuptake occours when molecules of seritonin do not pass the synaptic cleft but have not been transmitted to the presynaptic neurone. The spare molecules are taken up into the postsynaptic neurone.
SSRIs work by inhbiting reuptake of seritonin into the synaptic cleft back into the presynaptic neurone. Prevention of reuptake makes serotnin more aviable in the brain. More serotnin is then avaliable to improve transmision of messages between the neurones
SSRIs are called selective because they mostly only work for seritonin. SSRIs can also be used to treat depression
Strengths: Griest et al 1995 -> meta analysis, placebo and real drug trails -> SSRIs found to be more effective.
Cheap econmic implcations -> production is cheap and SSRIs are affective at eliminating the cause of OCD
Limitation: Side effects. SSRI: indigestion, sleep distrubances, irratblity, blurred vision, low libido.
BZs: drowziness, dizziness, light headedness, confusion, slurred speech
Benzodiphines: OCD treatment anxeity drug -> valium. induce a calm feeling, increase transmission of GABA. Neurotransmitter which controls neurone hyperactvity. reduces anxiety fear and stress. Quitens the brain by reducing neuro transmission. Reduces obsessive thoughts for OCD.