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Population and Community Ecology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - group of individuals of one species living in the same area
    - - number of individuals per unit area/volume
    - - Clumped (most common; resource-based)
      - Uniform (territoriality)
      - Random (unpredictable spacing)
  - - - age-specific summary of survival
    - - Type I: high survival until old age (humans, mammals)
      - Type II: constant death rate (birds)
      - Type III: high early mortality (fish, marine invertebrates)
  - - - Occurs when r (intrinsic growth rate) is constant
      - J-shaped curve
    - - Carrying capacity (K) limits growth
      - S-shaped curve
  - - - Semelparity: reproduce once, many offspring
      - Iteroparity: repeated reproduction, fewer offspring
      - Trade-offs: survival vs reproduction
  - - - Competition
      - Disease
      - Predation
      - Territoriality
      - Toxic waste
    - - Weather
      - Natural Disaster
- - - - Competitive exclusion
        
        Resource partitioning
        
        Niche differentiation
    - - Adaptations: camouflage, mimicry, armor, toxins
    - - Plant defenses (chemical, structural)
  - - - Food chains (linear)
      - Food webs (complex)
      - Trophic levels: producer → consumer → decomposer
      - Keystone species: have strong community impact
      - Ecosystem engineers: physically modify environment
  - - - Species richness = # of species
      - Species diversity = richness + relative abundance
      - Shannon diversity index used to measure this
      - Invasive species reduce diversity
  - - - Disturbances: storms, fires, floods, human activity
      - Intermediate disturbance hypothesis → highest diversity at intermediate levels
      - Primary succession: begins with no soil
      - Secondary succession: soil remains after disturbance
  - - - Species richness depends on island size & distance from mainland
      - Larger/closer islands
        
        more species