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Ecology Part 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Population growth rate: (Birth+immigration)-(Death+emigration)
    - - Clumped: Individuals are aggregated in patches
      - Uniform: Individuals are evenly spaced out
      - Random: The position of each individual in a population is independent of others
- - - - Predation is a +/- interaction in which an individual of one species, the predator, kills and eats an individual of the other species, the prey
        
        Herbivory is a +/- interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga, thereby harming it, but usually not killing it
        
        Parasitism is a +/- interaction in which one organism, the parasite, derives its nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process
        
        Endoparasites live inside their host, Ectoparasites live on the surface of the host
        
        Mutualism is a +/+ interaction that benefits individuals of both of interacting species
        
        Commensalism is a +/0 interaction that benefits the individuals of one of the interacting species but neither harms nor helps the individuals of the other species
        
        Facilitation is a +/+ interaction between species where one organism's presence improves the conditions for another's growth, survival, or reproduction
    - - Mechanical: Physical defense like in porcupines
        
        Chemical: Use of toxic or repellent substances like in skunks
        
        Aposematic Coloring: "warning" colors to deter predators like in poison dart frogs
        
        Cryptic Coloration: Camouflage like in the canyon tree frog
        
        Batesian mimicry: A harmless species acting like a harmful one like the hawkmoth larva and the green parrot snake
        
        Müllerian mimicry: Two unpalatable species mimic each other like the cuckoo bee and the yellow jacket
  - - - Periodic disturbances prevent any one species from dominating
        
        Create succession patterns (Primary and secondary succession)
        
        Some species die or are removed, opening space for new species.
    - - Larger areas support more species because they offer more habitats, more resources, and lower extinction rates
        
        Species richness is highest in the tropics and decreases toward the poles
    - - Reducing population sizes of specific species
        
        Altering species interactions
        
        Increasing mortality, creating opportunities for new species to establish
        
        Causing local extinctions or shift dominance hierarchies
  - - - Species richness: the number of different species in a community
        
        Relative abundance: The proportion each species represents of all individuals in a community