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Chapters 53-45: population ecology and community ecology - Coggle Diagram
Chapters 53-45: population ecology and community ecology
53.1: how do living and nonliving things affect factors of an ecosystem
Population: one species living in the same place, has boundaries
Ecosystem: living and non-living things interacting in the same environment
Demographics: stats within a population
Immigration, brith, death, and emigration
Dispersion patterns- clumping, uniform, random dispersion
Penguins show uniform spacing that is maintained through aggressive interactions
Organisms who can't control where they end up show random dispersion- wind carrying flower seeds
Sea stars and other organisms clumps together where food might be abundant
Survivorship curves
type 2: prey organisms; could die at any point in their life
type 3: fish; lots of offspring but many die young
Type 1: humans, elephants; die at old age
54.1: interactions between species can either help, hurt, or have no effect
Symbiosis/ inter specific interactiontions
(+,-)- one species benefits and one is harmed; predation, herbivory, and parasitism
(+,0)- one species benefits and has no effect on the other species; birds in a tree
(+,+)- both species benefit' mutualism
(-,-)- both organisms are harmed; competition
Ecological niche: how an organism interacts with its enviorment, living and nonliving things
Fundamental niche: what an animals role COULD be in an environment
realized niche: what an organism actual role is in an environment
Competitive exclusion: two species cannot occupy the same role in an environment because one will better than the other
Resource partitioning is when two species have the same ecological niche but divide the resouces so they can coexist
Defensive stragies
Aposematic coloration: warning color, usually red, organge, or yellow; poisonous snakes are red
Cryptic colorations: colors that help species blend into their environment
Chemical defenses: toxins or sprays; frogs excrete a bad taste when something tries to eat it
Batesian mimcory: nontoxic species mimick toxic animals- how they act
Mechanical defense: a speices has physical defenses like spikes on a porcupine, or hard shell on a turtle
Mullerian mimicry: when a nontoxic species looks like a toxic species- cuckoo bees look like yellow jackets
53.2-53.3: exponential and logistic model
Exponential growth is when a population who's all members have access to abundant food/ resources and can produce to their physiological capacity
Not linear and goes past carrying capacity
Logistic growth is when the line on the model approaches carrying capacity but evens out before it crosses the line
Carrying capacity is the maximum population that can be maintained with the resources provided
Population is N(time)= (birth + immigration) - (death + emigration)
53.4: life history is how organisms reproduce
Semelparous: organisms reproduce at the end of their life
R-selected and type 3: they go above carrying capacity then their population crashes-produce a lot at one time but do not care for young
Iteroparous: reproduce multiple times throughout their life
K-selected and type 1: population is limited by carrying capacity and they produce offspring and care for them to imorove survival chances
53.5: what regulates population growth
Density dependent factors
Intrinsic factors: crime or anything that has to do with social settings
Toxic waste: crowded fish tank= too much waste and makes the water toxic
Territoriality: breeding song brides defend their territory so some birds might be able to the find a home or reproduce
Disease: the more density populated an area is will effect how a disease spreads
Competition for resources- plants fight for sunlight or soil
Density independent factors
Climate change
Natural disasters
54.2: diversity and trophic structures characterize biological communities
Diversity: amount of species in an ecosystem
High levels of diversity are good because it provides more food sources if one organism goes extinct
Trophic structure: levels of energy provided by each step in the food chain
Only 10% of energy is passed to each level
Top- down control: the amount of organisms at each trophic level is determine by the amount of consumers at higher trophic levels
Bottom- up control: the amount of organisms at each trophic level is limited by availability of food at lower throphic levels
Dominant species: most abundant and what you see the most of
keystone species: if this organism was removed from the environment it would have a drastic effect- most important species
54.3: disturbance influences species diversity and compostition
Ecological succession: the sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance
Primary: occurs in an area that has no life
Secondary: occurs in an area that did have life, but a distrurbance removed all life