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Latin American Studies - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Motherhood
        
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        Mother searching for the disaapeared, on one side mothers from Central America trying to find their missing loved ones who disappeared on the immigrantion jouney, while on the other side side mothers trying to fidn loved one who disappeared in their home country of Argentina
      - Immigration
        
        "Central Americans: Interventions Comes Home to Roost"
        
        "Solito" Javier Zamora
        
        "Through school, respondents developed aspirations rooted in the belief that they were part of the fabric of the nation and would have better opportunities than their parents. They learned to speak English, developed tastes, joined clubs, dated, and socialized—all alongside their U.S.-born and legal resident peers. During this period, school-based relationships with peers and adults provided key sources of support and identity formation” (p. 608).
        
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        "Isabel Vasquez"
        
        “You meet other people who are also traveling alone, without coyotes, trying their luck to see if they can cross or not. When we got to Mexico, the couple said they couldn’t continue traveling with us anymore, that it was a big commitment taking a child north and they didn’t want to risk getting caught by Mexican immigration authorities. By this time we had met another woman and other people traveling north, and the couple said they’d leave us there with them. We met a woman who talked of having seen people who’d lost legs or arms riding on La Bestia” (p. 54).
        
        The opposite
        
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        The immgrantion journy of a 9-year old to the United States to reunite with his parents. Tagging along other adults, he creates bonds with the group as the group protects him as they try to reach the US.
        
        “Many of the Salvadorans even had previous experience as migrant workers in Honduras and thus were quicker to adapt to a new country than the Guatemalans. The Salvadorans who settled in the Washington area went to work in the local hotel and restaurant industry, and, perhaps because of their country’s extensive tradition of trade unionism, they soon became mainstays of the city’s organized labor movement” (p. 194).
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- - - - “Good God! How unpleasant it is to have bad Negroes to sell and to be obliged to keep them. It’s enough to make you lose your reputation and your patience” (p. 6).
  - - - Reggaeton
        
        "Bad Bunny's Transgressive Gender Performativity: Camp Aestheiics and hegemonic Masculinities in Early Latin Trap"
        
        New Reggaeton
        
        "The Machismo Conflict of Bad Bunny's Yo Perreo Sola in Reggaeton"
        
        Female Empowerment
        
        "Bichota" Karol G
        
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        Reggaeton has come a long way, especially for women, as now women are seen front and center, are credited for their songs and productions, they aren't usually dancers,
        
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        "I Like It" Cardi B. ft. Bad Bunny and J. Balvin
        
        One of the biggest songs to come out of this collaboration with Reggaeton was "I Like It", being in the Billboard's Top 100 songs
        
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        "Yo Perro Sola" Bad Bunny
        
        "Getting Down"
        
        “Twerking has become much more than a dance for many women. Especially with the music of Ivy Queen, like the song we heard before, “Yo quiero bailar.” The lyrics opened up a space on the dance floor where women can twerk without having to owe anything to anyone. A type of perreo where they are the ones in charge, who decide how far they will go and with whom. A dance that can be done alone or with friends. And that is empowering”.
        
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        “Bad Bunny’s performance in Yo Perreo Sola serves as a counterhegemonic portrayal to traditional gender roles. Violations or deviation from patriarchal male gender roles may cause negative outcomes, particularly for men, known as GRC/GRS” (p. 1).
        
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        “Drawing from the extravagant and eccentric camp aesthetics, Bad Bunny makes visible the artificiality of the hypermasculine performance that characterizes the mainstream celebrities in Latin trap music. An urban Latin trap artist, Bad Bunny’s gender performative is bound by the reggaetón and hip-hop genre conventions” (p. 88).
        
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        Seen as a pioneer as change the gender norms in Reggaeton
        
        "Yo Quiero Bailar" Ivy Queen
        
        "Linda" by Tokischa ft. Rosalia
        
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        Reggaeton started off with it being an underground genre in Puerto Rico, the genre kept evolving, into music videos
        
        These music video were centered around men, many women apart of the video were usually sexualized, either dressed or danced, they weren't given credit to any lyrics in the song
- - - - "Trading Roles Gender, Ethnicity and the Urban Economy in Colonial Postoi
        
        Diego Ocana on a "Rich Indian" in Postoi
        
        “And I found him eating on the floor, on a low table, as the Indians typically eat on the floor without a table at all, nor do they use even a chair, but rather always sit squatting like broody hens. And this one, being hispanized in dress, had a table, but very low like a small stool. And he has all of his capital in his house at all times, before his eyes” (p. 3).
        
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        “The exchange in these trading sites reveal the degree to which material culture from both indigenous and Spanish traditions influenced the developing colonial urban culture. The interaction of people in this marketplace is equally telling. Trade brought together people from a wide variety of backgrounds. Spanish attempts to categorize people into discrete groupings fell apart in the larger marketplace of Potosi because interactions among people were not only necessary but part of everyday life” (p.15).
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      - “The interest of the imperialist corporations in appropriating Latin American industrial growth and capitalizing it for their own benefit does not, of course, imply a disinterest in traditional forms of exploitation” (p. 206).
  - - - “I conclude that, on balance, state policy had more negative than positive consequences for gender equality, which suggests the need to reassess the view that the long nineteenth century was a period of progress for women. Some legal reforms and some aspects of secularization did reduce gender inequalities for some, maybe most, women” (p. 5).
  - - - Music/Reggaeton
        
        "It's About Time We Talk About Rosalia & Latinidad"
        
        "Is Rosalia Doing it Rights or Is She Colonizing"
        
        “While the media does misclassify her, she does little to nothing to correct it. She's gone as far as to accept awards intended for Latinx music” (subscribefornonsense)
        
        The weakness of racial mixing, removing idenities
        
        “While, yes, it represents a relationship, it does so by distorting many other relationships. If I say I am Latinx, that tells you I am from a not-so-specific part of the world and that my European, Indigenous, and/or African ancestors at some point converged in, were forcibly brought to, or were erased from said part of the world. The term’s very existence erases Black and Indigenous people by affirming the myth that we’re all ‘a little bit of everything’”.
        
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        "Far Flung: An Indigenous Mixtape from Lima, Peru"
        
        The mxing of Reggaeton elements with the use of an indigenous language of Quechua to create a new form of an expanding genre
      - "Browning and Blackening"
        
        "Brazil's New Black Politics: Black Brazilian Youtubers Fight for Social Justice During the Far-Right Era"
        
        “Ad Junior refers to his intersectional identities as a Black gay man in his explanations of why he cannot support Bolsonaro. Intersectionality pays particular attention to how race, gender, class, sexuality, and other identities shape marginalized groups. In taking an intersectional stance, Ad Jr. refers to his identities while critiquing Bolsonaro’s comment about a quilombo community he visited. A quilombo is a community of descendants of former runaway enslaved people” (p. 10).
        
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        “Although Afro-Brazilians are 54% of the population, they continue to be underrepresented in television outside of stereotypical roles, and Brazilian media continue to emphasize whiteness. Brazilian media have made progress by increasing the numbers of Afro-Brazilians on screen, yet their program narratives continue to downplay racism and often erases blackness” (p. 6).
        
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        “And finally, populism stood not just for greater class equality but for full racial equality as well, and the expanded social, economic, and political participation of minorities previously excluded from national life” (p. 10).
        
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        “During the export years, every Latin American government had made it a tenet of national policy to seek European immigration and 'whiten' their national populations. Most countries lacked the conditions to attract European laborers and their families. And in the handful of countries that did receive large numbers of immigrants, whitening brought with it a host of new stresses and problems” (p.1)
        
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      - “But late in the twentieth century, scholars began to reveal the links between the cult of mestizaje and earlier forms of colonial domination. Many of these scholars concluded that, in fact, mestizaje’s positive retooling had not solved problems of race and class in Latin America, but instead had compounded them by employing a rhetoric of inclusion that operated concurrently with a practice of exclusion” (p. 4).
        
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  - - - "Pope Francis and Popular Movements in Latin America"
        
        “Despite the fact that this economic system has reached a planetary dimension, we can find an alternative to it. The purpose of an economy should not be to promote accumulation and concentration of wealth, nor should it be reduced to the mere securing of a decent livelihood. The economy should guarantee that every human being will be given land, lodging and labor, but also more” (p. 100).
        
        Financial Burden/ or Economic Barriers
      - “The Catholic Church became a lifeline during this crisis, and Bergoglio was directly involved in organizing relief efforts in Buenos Aires. He ‘mobilized the city’s 186 parishes, eight hundred priests, and fifteen hundred members of religious orders, and close to a million practicing Catholics, urging them to go out into the streets to find people in need’. Parish churches became food pantries and temporary places for the homeless to sleep. Caritas, the Church’s charity agency, helped set up medical posts, and raised money for homeless shelters and job training programs” (p. 200).
        
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  - - - "History as Narration: Resistance and Subaltern Subjectivity in Micaela Bastidas 'Confession'"
        
        “The possibility that her confession reveals hidden polemics responding to specifically Spanish social discourses allows us to analyse other complex issues around, for example, ethnicity, gender and social status in the colonial era” (p. 35).
      - “Apprehend Francisco Sucacahua for contradicting the orders of my husband…under the threat that if they do not carry them out [the orders] they will severely be punished” (p. 112).
- - - - Luis Sahagun's Art
        
        "The Anti-Archive"
        
        Items lost during the immigration journey and found near the border, mostly damages and dirty from the long journey
        
        "A decolonial spiritual roadmap for healing from colonial, immigrant, and undocumented trauma and pain" (Hirugami, 2024)
    - - "In Defense of Performance Art"
        
        Immigrantion
        
        “Border action #2”
        
        The images include a taxi with the word "El Coyote" on the back. The Coyote is the person leading the group of immigrants on the journey
        
        The Coyote was the people in charge of leading Javier's Group. Him and his group put their entire lifes and faith on these people to help them get into the US
        
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        "Fury of the Gods" Susana Cook
        
        “Perhaps because the stakes are so low in our field, paired with the fact that we are literally allergic to authority, we never think twice about putting ourselves on the line and denouncing social injustice wherever we detect it. Without giving it a second thought, we are always ready to throw a pie in the face of a corrupt politician, give the finger to an arrogant museum director, or tell off an impertinent journalist, despite the consequences” (p. 6).
        
        Topics like immigrantion, politics, policies changes, and anything else where there is a debate
  - - - "Copa de la Vida/Cup of Life" Ricky Martin's 1999 Grammy Performance"
        
        "A New Flood of English-Spanish Pop is Here. Is it Opportunism or Progress"
        
        The rise of reggaeton in the US happened due to many songs and artists, on the reggaeton side, the likes of Bad Bunny pushed into US mainstream. This caused many reggaeton artists to collab with US mainstream artist.
        
        Examples: Despacito, Luis Fonsi. Daddy Yankee, and Justin Bieber
        Taki Taki, DJ Snake, Selena Gomez, Ozuna, and Cardi B.
        Senorita, Camila Cabello and Shawn Mendes
        Echame la Culpa. Demi Lovato and Luis Fonsi
        
        One of the first song sang in Spanish in the US, it was viewed as an introduction to Reggaeton
    - - "Learning to be Illegal: Undocumented Youth and Shifting Legal Contexts in the Transition to Adulthood"
  - - - "The Lion Kills by Looking"
        
        “And the little animal surrends, gives up, and the lion gobbles it down, just like that. This is how the lion kills. He kills by looking. But there is one little animal that doesn’t respond in this way. When he comes across the lion, he ignores him and continues as usual. If the lion swipes at him, he answers by clawing with his hands, which may be tiny, but the blood they draw certainly hurts. This little animal does not back down, because he does not see the lion staring at him. He is blind. ‘Mole’ is what they call this little animal” (p. 8).
        
        Fight for something you believe is rights
    - - “The girl saw me, and her face hardened like the gray concrete behind her. She stuck out her hand, and when I reached out to give her the money, she snatched it away, curling it in her fist, stuffing it in her skirt pocket, and not giving it a glance–her eyes fixed on me, cased in tears which she was bringing, through a stubborn hardening, to a stop. Only little girls cry, and she was now knowledgeable in the ways of adults” (p. 110).
        
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