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Motion and Forces - Coggle Diagram
Motion and Forces
Forces
Force and mass determine acceleration.
Newton's second law relates force, mass, and acceleration.
Newton's Second Law
Newton's second law
Force Equals Mass Times Acceleration
Force = mass (acceleration)
Mass and Acceleration
Forces can change the direction of motion.
Centripetal Force
Centripetal force
Circular Motion and Newton's Second Law
Forces act in pairs.
Newton's third law relates action and reaction forces.
Newton's third law
Action and Reaction Forces Versus Balanced Forces
Balanced Forces
Action and Reaction
Action and Reaction Pairs
Newton's three laws describe and predict motion.
Forces change motion.
A force is a push or pull.
Force
Types of Forces
Gravity
Friction
Contact Force
Size and Direction of Forces
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
Net force
Forces on Moving Objects
Newton's first law relates force and motion.
Galileo's Thought Experiment
Newton's First Law
Newton's first law
Inertia
Inertia
Forces transfer momentum.
Objects in motion have momentum.
Momentum
momentum = mass (velocity) -> p = mv
Momentum can be transferred from one object to another.
Collision
Momentum is conserved.
Conservation of momentum
Two Types of Collision
Momentum and Newton's Third Law
Gravity, Friction, and Pressure
Friction is a force that opposes motion.
Friction occurs when surfaces slide against each other.
Friction
Forces and Surfaces
Motion of the Surfaces
Force Pressing the Surfaces Together
Types of Surfaces
Friction and Heat
Motion through fluids produces friction.
Fluid
Air resistance
Pressure depends on force and area.
Pressure describes how a force is spread over an area
Pressure
Pressure = Force/Area (P = F/A)
Pascal
Pressure acts in all directions in fluids.
Pressure in fluids depends on depth.
Pressure in Air
Changing Elevation
Changing Desity
Effects on Pressure
Pressure in Water
Gravity is a force exerted by masses.
Masses attract each other.
Gravity
The Force of Gravity
Gravity on Earth
Weight and Mass
Weight and Mass
Gravity keeps objects in orbit.
Orbit
Spacecraft in Orbit
People in Orbit
Fluid can exert a force on objects.
Fluids can exert an upward force on objects
Buoyancy
Density and Buoyancy
The motion of a fluid affects its pressure.
Bernoulli's Principle
Bernoulli's principle
Applying Bernoulli's Principle
Machines
Six simple machines have many uses.
There are six simple machines.
Simple machines
Lever
Lever
Wheel and Axle
Wheel and axle
Pulley
Pulley
Inclined Plane
Inclined plane
Wedge
Wedge
Screw
Screw
The mechanical advantage of a machine can be calculated.
Mechanical Advantage = Output Force / Input Force (MA = F-out/F-in)
Wheel and Axle
Ideal Mechanical Advantage = Radius of input/Radius of output (IMA = R-out/R-in)
Inclined plane
Ideal Mechanical Advantage = length of incline/height of incline (IMA = l/h)
Lever
Ideal Mechanical Advantage = distance from input force to fulcrum/distance from output force to fulcrum (IMA = d-in/d-out)
Modern technology uses compound machines.
Compound machines are combinations of simple machines.
Compound machines
Mechanical Advantage of Compound Machines
Gears
Modern technology creates new uses for machines.
Microtechnology and Nanotechnology
Robots
Robot
Machines help people do work.
Machines change the way force is applied.
Machine
Changing Size and Distance
Mechanical Advantage of a Machine
Mechanical advantage
Mechanical Advantage = Output Force / Input Force
Changing Direction
Work transfers energy.
Energy
Work
Output work is always less than input work.
Efficiency (%) = (Output work / Input work) 100
Efficiency
Efficiency and Energy
Increasing Efficiency
Motion
Speed measures how fast position changes.
Position can change at different rates.
Calculating Speed
Speed = distance/time (S = d/t)
Average Speed
Speed
Distance-Time Graphs
Average Speed
Velocity includes speed and directon.
Velocity
Vector
Velocity Versus Speed
Acceleration measures how fast velocity changes.
Speed and direction can change with time.
Acceleration
Acceleration can be calculated from velocity and time.
Calculating Acceleration
acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity)/time
Acceleration over Time
Velocity-Time Graphs
An object in motion changes position.
Position described the location of an object
Position
Describing a Position
Reference point
Measuring distance
Motion is a change in position.
Motion
Describing Motion
Relative Motion
Work and Energy
Energy is transferred when work is done
Work transfers energy.
Work changes potential and kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Calculating Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy = mass (gravitational acceleration)(height) -> GPE = mgh
Calculating Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy = (mass*velocity^2)/2 -> KE = 1/2mv^2
Calculating Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy = Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy (ME = PE + KE)
The total amount of energy is constant.
Law of conservation of energy
Conserving Mechanical Energy
Losing Mechanical Energy
Forms of Energy
Thermal energy
Nuclear energy
Chemical energy
Electromagnetic energy
Power is the rate at which work is done.
Power can be calculated from work and time.
Calculating Power from Work
Power = Work/time (P = W/t)
Watt
Horsepower
Horsepower
Power can be calculated from energy and time.
Calculating Power from Energy
Power = Energy/time (P = E/t)
Everyday Power
Work is the use of force to move an object.
Force is necessary to do work.
Work
Force, Motion, and Work
Calculating Work
Work = Force (distance) -> W = Fd
Joule
Objects that are moving can do work.