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Marking Marx's and Smith's Conceptions of the Transition from…

- - - - Primitive Accumulation/Bourgeois Revolution/Alienation of Labor
        
        Capitalist System
      - Unfree labor (slavery and serfdom). Labor tied to land or lord. Laborers are totally dependent on those who control their labor.
        
        Open Exploitation
        
        Primitive Accumulation/Bourgeois Revolution/Alienation of Labor
        
        "Unattached labour/free labourers" (432) (wage work). You can choose where to use your labor power
        
        Hidden Exploitation.
        
        Workers sell labor power. "The possesor of money does find on the market such a special commodity in capacity for labour or labour power" (336)
        
        Creation of large surplus product owned by bourgeoise
        
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      - Personal social relationships
        
        Primitive Accumulation/Bourgeois Revolution/Alienation of Labor
        
        Commodities grow more important
        
        Exchange-value is a primary way of organizing trades of commodities
        
        Impersonal social relationships, based on the exchange values of the products of one's labor, contracts, and money. "The mutual relations of the producers, within which the social character of their labour affirms itself, take the form of a social relation within the products” (320); “Since the producers do not come into social contact with each other until they exchange their products, the specific social character of each producer’s labour does not show itself except in the act of exchange.” (321)
        
        Alienation from Product
        
        Alienation from process
        
        Alienation from species-being
        
        Alienation from fellow laborers
      - Scattered private property
        
        Primitive Accumulation/Bourgeois Revolution/Alienation of Labor
        
        More Centralized, capitalistic private property
        
        Fewer people own more property
      - Some division of labor, but greater ability to rely on the product of one's own labor to live. "The division of labor is a necessary condition for the production of commodities, but it does not follow, conversely, that that production of commodities is a necessary condition for the division of labour" (308
        
        Primitive Accumulation/Bourgeois Revolution/Alienation of Labor
        
        Larger and more problematic Social Division of Labor. "In a community, the produce of which in general takes the from of commodities...this qualitative difference between useful forms of labour that are carried on independently between individual producers, each on their own account, develops into a complex system, a social division of labor." (309)
      - Money + Commodities
        
        Primitive Accumulation/Bourgeois Revolution/Alienation of Labor
        
        Money + Commodities = Capital. "In themselves money and commodities are no more capital than are the means of production and of subsistence. They want transforming into capital." They become capital with the purchase of labor power. (432)
      - Concrete Labor: No universal measure of labor, people had fixed roles, similar to trades
        
        Primitive Accumulation/Bourgeois Revolution/Alienation of Labor
        
        "Abstract Labor": all work based on time put in with no distinctions
        
        Fast changing labor productivity due to technological advancements
        
        Collective definition of labor power
      - Rank is assigned at birth according to social status
        
        Primitive Accumulation/Bourgeois Revolution/Alienation of Labor
        
        Rank is primarily assigned at birth according to inherited wealth
        
        "The starting-point of the development that gave rise to the wage-labourer as well as to the capitalist, was the servitude of the labourer" (433)
- - - - Scattered Private Property
        
        "General disposition to truck, barter, and exchange" (18)/Division of labor gradually taking hold/increased prosperity
        
        More collectivized efficient markets and opportunities for investment emerge
      - Mutual dependence between Lords and subjects
        
        "General disposition to truck, barter, and exchange" (18)/Division of labor gradually taking hold/increased prosperity
        
        People become dependent on exchange of goods. "After the division of labor has once thoroughly taken place, it is but a very small part of these with which a man's own labor can supply him." (33)
        
        Self interest becomes the basis of decision-making
      - "General disposition to truck, barter, and exchange" (18)/Division of labor gradually taking hold/increased prosperity
        
        More market-based System
        
        Positive: greater productivity, liberation, freedom
      - Less specialization
        
        "General disposition to truck, barter, and exchange" (18)/Division of labor gradually taking hold/increased prosperity
        
        Specialization leads to dramatic productivity boost
        
        Rise of more effective trade, especially between countries.
      - Unfree labor (slavery and serfdom). Labor tied to land or lord. Laborers are totally dependent on those who control their labor.
        
        "General disposition to truck, barter, and exchange" (18)/Division of labor gradually taking hold/increased prosperity
        
        Free labor, increased agency for workers
        
        Labor becomes a commodity. "The far greater part of [a man's wealth"he must derive from the labour of other people, and he must be rick or poor according to the quantity of this labor which he can command, or which he can afford to purchase." (33)
        
        Labor is not valued by time spent. "Though labour be the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities, it is not that by which their value is commonly estimated. It is often difficult to ascertain the proportion between two different quantities of labour. The time spent in two different sorts of work will not always determine this proportion." (34)
        
        The "haggling and bargaining" of the market effectively determines a "sort of rough equality" for the value of labor which, "though not exact, is sufficient for carrying on the business of life" (35)
        
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      - Inefficient usage of money from Lords
        
        "General disposition to truck, barter, and exchange" (18)/Division of labor gradually taking hold/increased prosperity
        
        Growing wealth of merchants leads to effective investment in efficient companies. "Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command" (482)
      - Rank is assigned at birth due to social status
        
        "General disposition to truck, barter, and exchange" (18)/Division of labor gradually taking hold/increased prosperity
        
        Rank achieved through ambition and talent
      - More self-sufficience
        
        Higher levels of self-sufficience on one's own labor
        
        "General disposition to truck, barter, and exchange" (18)/Division of labor gradually taking hold/increased prosperity