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Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Immune System
Results of Antigen-Antibody Binding
Neutralization of toxins/viruses
Activation of complement
Opsonization
Precipitation
Agglutination
Immobilization
Humoral Immunity
Plasma Cells
Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Memory B Cells
Remain long-term
Fast response upon re-exposure
B Cell Development
Develop in bone marrow
Activated when antigen binds to receptor
Antibodies (Functions)
Opsonization
Neutralization
Agglutination
Activation of complement
Immobilization
ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)
Cell-Mediated Immunity (T Cells)
Antigen Recognition
Requires APCs
APCs process antigen → present with MHC
Types of T Cells
Helper T Cells (CD4+)
Activate B cells
Activate macrophages
Most important regulators
Release cytokines
Stimulate cytotoxic T cells
Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+)
Kill cancer cells
Release perforin & granzymes
Kill virus-infected cells
T Cell Development
Originate in bone marrow
Mature in thymus
Antigens & Antibodies
Antibodies
Bind to antigens
Mark pathogens for destruction
Proteins produced by activated B cells
Antibody Titer
Measures concentration of antibodies
Shows immune response strength
Antigens
Foreign substances that trigger an immune response
Immunity
Ability to ward off disease
Two major ideas: Innate & Adaptive
Innate Immunity
Characteristics
Immediate response
Prevents pathogen entry
No memory
First line of defense
Not pathogen-specific
Components
Chemical Defenses
Complement system → produces:
Inflammation
Chemotaxis (attracts immune cells)
Opsonization (enhances phagocytosis)
Cytolysis (MAC complex)
Cytokines
Signaling molecules
Regulate immune cells
Coordinate inflammation & defenses
Plasma protein mediators:
Acute-phase proteins
Complement proteins
Clotting proteins
Electrolytes, sugars, lipids
Cytokines
Cellular Defenses
Formed elements in blood
Differential WBC count includes:
Neutrophils – first responders, phagocytic
Basophils – histamine release
Eosinophils – parasites & allergy
Monocytes → Macrophages – phagocytes
Dendritic cells – APCs
Natural Killer (NK) cells – kill infected or cancer cells
Physical / Mechanical Barriers
Mucous membranes
Mucus, cilia, tears
Skin
Adaptive Immunity
Characteristics
Specific pathogen recognition
Memory → stronger second response
Two branches: Humoral + Cell-mediated
Key Cells Involved
T cells (Helper, Cytotoxic)
APCs: dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
B cells
Susceptibility
Lack of resistance to disease