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Motion and Forces - Coggle Diagram
Motion and Forces
Gravity, Friction, and Pressure
Gravity is a force exerted by masses
Masses attract each other
Gravity
The force exerted on other objects because of their mass
The force of gravity
Gravity on earth
9.8 m/s^2
Weight and mass
Weight
Gravity keeps objects in orbit
Orbit
The elliptical path a body fallows
Spacecraft in orbit
People in orbit
Friction is a force that opposes motion
Friction occurs when surfaces slide against eachother
Friction
A force to resist the motion between two objects in contact
Forces and surfaces
Types of surfaces
Motion of the surface
Force pressing the surfaces together
Friction and heat
Motion through fluids produces friction
Pressure depends on force and area
Pressure describes how a force is spread over an area
Pressure = Force/Area
P=E/A
Pascal
The unit for pressure
Pressure acts in all directions
Pressure in fluids depends in depth
Pressure in air
Changing elevation
Changing density
Effects on pressure
Pressure in water
Fluids can exert a force on objects
Fluids can exert an upward force on objects
buoyant force
The upward force on objects in a fluid
Buoyancy
Density and buoyancy
The motion of a fluid affects its pressure
Bernoulli's Priciple
Increase in the speed of a fluid decreases the pressure in the fluid
Applying Bernoulli's Pricple
Forces can be transmitted through fluids
Pascals Principle
when outside pressure applied to a fluid in a container that pressure is transmitted through with equal strength
Hydraulics
Motion
An object in motion changes position
Position describes the location of an object
Position
Describing a position
Reference point
A place in with is used to locate other places
Measuring Distance
Motion is a change in position
Motion
Describing Motion
Relative Motion
Speed measures how fast a position changes
Position can change at different rates
Speed
Calculating speed
Speed=Distance/Time
S=d/t
Average speed
Distance-Time Graphs
A way to show the motion of and object through a graph
Velocity includes speed and direction
Velocity
A speed in a specific direction
Velocity
Vector
A quantity that has both size and direction
Velocity Versus Speed
Acceleration measures how fast velocity changes
Speed and direction can change with time
Acceleration
A measure of how quickly the velocity is changing
Acceleration in the same Direction as motion
Acceleration in the opposite Direction as motion
Acceleration at a right angle to motion
Acceleration can be calculated from velocity and time
Calculating Acceleration
Acceleration = Final Velocity - initial Velocity / Time
a=Vfinal-Vinitial/t
Acceleration over time
Velocity-Time Graphs
Forces
Forces change motion
A force is a push or pull
Force
Types of forces
Contact force
Gravity
Friction
Size and Direction of forces
Balanced and unstable forces
Net force
The overall force acting on an object
Forces on moving objects
Newton's First law relates force and motion
Galilieo's thought experiment
Newtons first law
An object in motion stays in motion an a object at rest stays at rest at the same velocity unless acted upon
Inertia
The resistance of a object to change in speed or motion
Forces and mass determine acceleration
Newtons first law relates force mass and acceleration
Newtons second law
Acceleration increases with and increases in force and decreases with an increases in mass
Force equals mass times acceleration
Force = mass * acceleration
F=ma
Mass and acceleration
Forces can change the direction of motion
Centripetal force
any force that keeps and object in a circle/ a force pointing in the center of a circle
Circular motion and newtons second law
Newton's third law relates action and reaction forces
Newton's third law
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
Action and rection pairs
Action and rection forces versus balanced farces
Balanced Forces
Action and reaction
Newton's three laws describe an predict motion
Forces transfer momentum
Objects in motion have momentum
Momentum
The product of an objects mass and velocity
Momentum = mass*velocity
p = mv
Momentum can be transferred from one object to another
Colision
Momentum is conserved
Conversion of momentum
The total momentum of a system of objects does not change as long as not tempered with
Two types of collisions
Momentum and Newton's third Law
Work and Energy
Work is the use of force to move an object
Force is necessary to do work
Work
Force, motion, and work
Calculating work
Work = Force * Distance
W=Fd
Joule
The measurement used when you multiply with newtons and meters
Objects that are moving can do work
Energy is transferred when work is done
Work transferes energy
Work changes potential and kinetic energy
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Calculating Gravitational potential energy
Gravitational potential energy = mass
gravity
height
GPE=mgh
Calculating kinetic energy
KE=1/2mv^2
Calculating mechanical energy
ME=KE+PE
The total amount of energy is constant
Law of conservation of energy
Energy can not be created or destroyed, just transformed from one form to another
Conserving mechanical energy
Losing mechanical energy
Forms of energy
Thermal energy
Chemical energy
Nuclear energy
Electromagnetic energy
Power is the rate at witch work is done
Power can be calculated from work and time
power
Calculating power from work
Power = Work / time
P=W/t
Watt
Unit measurment for power
Horsepower
A measurement of power
Power can be calculated from energy and time
Calculating power from energy
Power = Energy / time
P=E/t
Everyday power
Machines
Machines help people do work
Machines change the way force is applied
Machine
Changing size and distance
Changing direction
Mechanical advantage of a machine
Mechanical advantage
The number of times the machine multiplies the input force
Mechanical advantage = Output force / Input force
Output work is always less than input work
Efficiency
the ration of the output work to the input work
Efficiency % = output work / input work *100
Efficiency and energy
Increasing efficiency
Six simple machines have many uses
There are six simple machines
Simple machines
Lever
A solid bar that rotates around a fixed point
Wheel and Axle
A machine of a wheel attached to a beam
Pulley
A wheel with groves for a rope to go in
Wedge
A object with a thick end and a thin end
Inclined plane
A ramp
Screw
A incline plane wrapped around a cylinder to make a spiral
The Mechanical advantage of a machine can be calculated
MA=F out / F in
Mechanical advantage = output force / Input force
Inclined plane
Ideal Mechanical advantage = Length of incline / height of incline
IMA=l/h
Wheel and Axle
Ideal mechanical energy advantage = Radius of input / radius of output
IMA=R in / R out
Leaver
Ideal mechanical advantage = distance from input force to fulcrum / distance from output force to fulcrum
IMA=d in / d out
Modern technology uses compound machines
Compound machines are combination of simple machines
Compound machines
A machine made of 2 or more simple machines
Gears
Mechanical advantage of compound machines
Modern technology creates new uses for machines
Microtechnology and nanotechnology
Robots