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MIGRATION - Coggle Diagram
MIGRATION
CLIMATE CHANGE
The Legal Gap (Legal Perspective)
Mayer, B. (2011). The International Legal Challenges of Climate-Induced Migration: Proposal for an International Legal Framework. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy.
Current international law fails to protect "climate migrants" as they do not fit the legal definition of "refugees." A new international legal framework (e.g., a UN resolution) is urgently needed to manage planned resettlement and recognize their fundamental rights.
Populations at Risk (Sociological Perspective)
Foresight (2011). Migration and Global Environmental Change. The Government Office for Science, London.
The challenge is not just mass migration, but "trapped populations": the poorest people lack the capital to move and remain stuck in environmental risk zones. Migration should not be prevented but facilitated as a necessary adaptation strategy for survival
The Global Report (Data and Projections)
Rigaud, K. et al. (2018). Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration. World Bank Group.
The report projects that by 2050, without concrete climate action, over 143 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America will be forced into internal migration, moving from increasingly unviable areas (due to water scarcity and crop failure) to safer locations.
EDUCATION
The Integration Strategy (Refugees)
Dryden-Peterson, S. (2011). Refugee Education: A Global Review. UNHCR Policy Development and Evaluation Service.
Education is a top priority for refugee families but is often of low quality in segregated camp schools. The report urges a shift from parallel systems to the integration of refugees into national education systems of host countries to ensure standardized certification, quality, and long-term stability.
The Achievement Gap (Schooling)
Schnepf, S. V. (2004). How Different Are Immigrants? A Cross-Country and Cross-Survey Analysis of Educational Achievement.
Immigrant students in Western countries generally perform lower in Math and Science compared to natives. However, this educational disadvantage is not inherent to being a migrant but is largely explained by language barriers and lower socio-economic status (SES) in the host country.
Brain Waste (Labor Market)
Dalmonte, A., Frattini, T., & Giorgini, S. (2024). The Overeducation of Immigrants in Europe. GS4S Working Paper Series.
There is a persistent problem of "overeducation" among non-EU immigrants, who often hold university degrees but work in low-skilled jobs. This "brain waste" represents a massive loss of human capital, as their qualifications are not recognized or utilized effectively by the European labor market.
GENDER
Emotional Imperialism (Political Economy)
Gündüz, Z. Y. (2013). The Feminization of Migration: Care and the New Emotional Imperialism. Monthly Review.
The "feminization of migration" is driven by the Global North's demand for cheap domestic labor to solve its own care deficit. This represents a form of "emotional imperialism", where wealthy nations extract love and care resources from the South rather than solving their own lack of social welfare or gender equity.
Triple Invisibility (Human Rights & Health)
Salmi, M. P. (2018). Women and Migration: Three Times Invisible. Gender-specific Medicine Watch.
Migrant women suffer from "triple invisibility": they are discriminated against for their gender, their ethnicity, and their social class. This marginalization often blocks their access to healthcare and legal protection, making them uniquely vulnerable to violence, exploitation, and psychological distress.
The Global Care Chain (Theory)
Hochschild, A. R. (2000). Global Care Chains and Emotional Surplus Value. In On the Edge: Living with Global Capitalism.
Globalization has created "Global Care Chains": a series of personal links between people across the globe based on paid or unpaid care work. Women from developing nations migrate to care for the children of the wealthy in the North, creating a "care drain" in their home countries where their own children are often left behind.