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Andrea Hernandez Period 3 Nervous System - Coggle Diagram
Andrea Hernandez Period 3 Nervous System
Major Functions of Nervous System
reception of general sensory information (touch, pressure, temperature, pain, vibration)
response generation
receiving and perceiving special sensations (taste, smell, vision, sounds)
integration of sensory information from different parts of the body and processing them
Compare & Contrast Autonomic Nervous System
sympathetic ("fight or flight," arousal, stress)
parasympathetic ("rest and digest," calming, recovery)
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
involuntary (unconscious)
regulates heart rate, digestion, breathing, etc
Connective Tissue Coverings
arachnoid mater: subarachnoid space contains CSF and largest blood vessels of brain
pia mater: delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to brain, following every convolution
dura mater: thick outermost layer made of dense connective tissue
cerebrospinal fluid: watery fluid circulating in the subarachnoid space and ventricles
Disorders/Diseases
spinal cord injury:damage to spinal cord, weakness, surgery .
meningitis: infection in the meninges surrounding the brain, bacteria, antibiotics.
alzheimer's disease: a form of dementia assoicated with asc, memory loss, medication.
multiple sclerosis: autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheath, vision/hearing loss, no cure.
autism: brain disorder that make it difficult to communicate, anxiety, medication.
cerebrovascular accident (stroke): occurs when blood flow to a portion of the brain halted, blood vessel bursts, blood thinning.
Major Divisions & Subdivisions
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
the portion of nervous system outside CNS
consists mainly of nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord
sensory (afferent) division
somatic sensory fibers: convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to CNS
visceral sensory fibers: convey impulses from visceral organs to CNS
motor (efferent) division
somatic nervous system (voluntary & conscious control of skeletal muscles)
autonomic nervous system (involuntary & consists of visceral motor nerve fibers )
sympathetic (mobilizes body systems during activity)
parasympathetic (conserves energy)
central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord of dorsal body cavity
integration and control center: Interprets sensory input and dictates motor output
Reflex Arc
motor neuron: conducts efferent impulses from integration center to effector organ
effector: muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
integration center: either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within CNS
sensory neuron: transmits afferent impulses to CNS
receptor: site of stimulus action
Classifications of Neurons
multipolar: three or more processes
bipolar: two processes
unipolar: one T-like process
sensory: transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS
motor: carry impulses from CNS to effectors
interneurons: lie between motor and sensory neurons
Drugs of Abuse
methamphetamine: feels like intense pressure & exhilaration
alcohol: involved in memory formation, decision making, impulse control.
marijuana: responsible for slowing down movement (relaxed & calm)
cocaine: concentrates in rewards pathway.
ecstasy: responsible for mood, sleep, perception, and appetite.
LSD: responsible for feelings of wakefulness & evoking a response to unexpected stimulus.
heroine: responsible for pain signals,stress response, emotional attachment, painkillers.
Action Potential & Nerve Impulse
threshold: stimulus must depolarize the membrane to a specific voltage to trigger an action potential.
resting potential: neuron at rest maintains a negative charge inside compared to the outside, thanks to the sodium-potassium pump
repolarization: sodium channels close; potassium channels open, allowing K ions to flow out
depolarization: voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing positive Na ions to rush in
hyperpolarization: refractory period
Spinal Nerves
8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar nerves , 5 pairs of sacral nerves, & 1 pair of tiny coccygeal nerves
each spinal nerve is connected to spinal cord via toots to ventral & dorsal roots
Major Parts & Functions of the Spinal Cord
spinal cord terminates in cone-shaped structure called conus medullaris
somatic sensory (SS), visceral sensory (VS), visceral (autonomic) motor (VM) and somatic motor (SM)
major reflex center: reflexes are initiated and completed at spinal cord
spinal nerves (part of PNS)
provides two-way communication to and from brain and body
ventral median fissure & dorsal median sulcus
begins at the foramen magnum
dorsal, ventral, lateral horns
ventral, dorsal, dorsal ganglia roots, & spinal nerves
Cranial Nerves
VII. facial: facial expressions, taste, salivary/tear glands
VIII. vestibulocochlear: hearing and balance
VI. abducens: lateral eye movement
IX. glossopharyngeal: taste, swallowing, saliva production.
V. trigeminal: facial sensation, chewing
X. vagus: swallowing, voice, heart rate, digestion
IV. trochlear: eye movement
III. oculomotor: eye movement, eyelid control, pupil adjustment.
II. optic: vision.
I. olfactory: smell
XI. accessory: shoulder and neck muscle movement.
XII. hypoglossal: tongue movement for speech and swallowing.
Neurotransmitters
NE is released by adrenergic fibers
effects of the neurotransmitter depends on whether it binds to cholinergic receptor or adrenergic receptor
Ach is released by cholinergic fibers at: all ANS preganglionic axons & all parasympathetic postganglionic axons
major neurotransmitters of ANS are acetylcholine (ACh) and
norepinephrine (NE)
Major Parts & Functions of the Brain
frontal lobe: planning, problem-solving, personality, movement, language (Broca's area).
parietal lobe: processing touch, temperature, pain, taste; integrating sensory info.
cerebrum: wrinkled, folded upper part, divided into two hemispheres.
temporal lobe: hearing, memory, language comprehension (Wernicke's area).
occipital lobe: vision and visual processing
thalamus: relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex.
hypothalamus: tegulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep.
cerebellum: coordinates voluntary movements, posture, balance.
pons: relays messages between the cerebrum and cerebellum; helps control sleep, respiration.
medulla oblongata: controls essential life functions like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, and reflexe.
Tissues
neuroglia (glial cells): small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons
neuroglia of the CNS
microglial cells: small, ovoid cells with thorny processes that touch and monitor neurons & migrate toward injured neurons)
ependymal cells: form permeable barrier between CSF in cavities & tissue fluid bathing CNS cells
astrocytes: most abundant, versatile, and highly branched of glial cells & respond to nerve impulses and neurotransmitters)
oligodendrocytes: processes wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming insulating myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers
neuroglia of the PNS
satellite cells: surround neuron cell bodies in PNS
schwann cells: surround all peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers
neurons (nerve cells): excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
neuron cell body: plasma membrane is part of receptive region that receives input info from other neurons
processes: tracts, nerves, dendrites, & axon)