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Fungi - Microbial Diversity (Week 11) - Coggle Diagram
Fungi - Microbial Diversity (Week 11)
Background
Sister group to Animals
Diverged ~500 Mya
~1.5mn species estimated
Currently unknown
~70,000 species
Identified
Classified
Human use
Agriculture
Industry
Health
Environment
How can it be diverse
Morphological
Variety of forms
Multicellular
Dimorphic
Unicellular
Two distinct stages
Vegetative
Reproductive
Habitat
Moist
Slightly acidic
Requirements
Oxygen
Facultative / Obligate
Anaerobe / Aerobe
Light
Facultative / Obligate
Diet / Nutrients
Saprophytic
Dead organic matter
Parasitic
Living host
Harms the host
Symbiotic
Heterotrophic
Structure
Hyphae
A basic filament / subunit
Forms the mycelium
Hyphal tip
Polarised growth
Grows in a direction
Septa (singular. septum)
Divides the hyphae into compartments
Spitzenkörper
"Organising centre"
Site of fungal growth
End of the tip
Vesicles
Supplies components for growth
Trafficked by
Actin
Microtubules
Unicellular yeasts
Polarised growth is restricted to specific points in the cell cycle
Mycelium
Whole structure of the hyphae
Vegetative body
Different forms
Growth
In all directions
Autotropism
'Self-avoidance'
Prevents overlapping
Increased efficiency
Formed across a range of substrates
Fruiting body
Reproductive structure
Above ground (Usually)
Edible part
Sporangium
Formation of spores
Reproduction
Sexual
Asexual
Fungal cell wall
Glucans / Polysaccharides
Most abundant
Chitin
β(1,4)-linked
Homopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine
Found in all cell walls of fungi
Properties
Strength in structure
Rigid
Mannoproteins
Cell pathogenesis
Evades the host immune system
Usually the target for anti-fungals
Ergosterol
Permeable
Fluid / Less rigid
Yeast
No hyphae
Unicellular (Mainly)
Chytridiomycota / Chytrids (Phyla)
Habitat
Mainly aquatic
Can be coastal
Key feature (Zoospores)
Flagellated spores
Allows for movement
Unique
Requires water
Diet / Nutrient
Parasitic to mainly amphibians
Mutualists
Short-term symbiosis
Benefits both species involved
Decomposers / Saprotrophic
Reproduction
Asexual
Sexual
Zygomycota (Phyla)
Mainly terrestrial
Includes moulds
Diet / Nutrient
Decomposers
Saprotrophic
Symbionts
Reproduction
Sexual (Mainly)
Produces zygosporangia
Dimorphic
Positive (+)
Negative (-)
Extremophile
Resistance to harsh conditions
Ascomycota / Ascomycetes (Phyla)
Largest phylum
~75% of fungi
Habitats
Terrestrial
Marine
Aquatic
Forms
Yeast
Molds
Morels
Diet / Nutrients
Decomposers
Saprotroph
Pathogenic
Symbionts
e.g. Lichens
Pathogenic
Humans
Animals
Reproduction
Sexual
Ascospores
Ascus
Contains the haploid ascospores
Sac-like structure
Asexual
Conidia
Non-motile spores
Basidiomycota / Basidiomycetes (Phyla)
Forms
Mushrooms
Puffballs
Rusts
Mirror yeasts
Diet / Nutrients
Lignin (Wood)
Pathogenic
Symbionts
Reproduction
Mainly sexual
Basidiospores
'Basidia'
Club-shaped structure
External spores
Importance
Species diversity
Ecological impact
Agricultural impact
Feeding people
Feeding animals
Glomeromycota / Glomeromycetes (Phyla)
Diet / Nutrient
Symbionts / Symbiotic relationships
Obligate
Mutualistic
With ~90% of all higher plants
'Arbuscular mycorrhizas'
Produces spores
Thick-walled
Large
Germinates when plant roots present
Non-septate hyphae invades plant root
Arbuscules formed
Helps plants survive
In poor-nutrient soils
Reproduction
Choices
Asexual
Fragmentation
Budding
Spore-producing
Sexual
Genetic variation
Requires mycelium
Spore-producing
Environmental trigger
Dimorphic
Two mating types
a
α
Requires the opposite mating type
Not easily identifiable
Not phenotypic
Genotypic
Sporulation
Happens when nutrients are depleted
Dispersal and dormant survival
Diverse
Properties
Sizes
Shapes
Development pathway
Structures
Taxonomy
Characteristics
Ascomycetes dimorphia
Possibility
Different forms
Yeast
Hyphal
Response to environment
Temperature
Nutrients
Aeration (Oxygen)
Calcium
Substrate
No common pattern although
Spitzenkörper
Response to signals