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Chapter 19 and 27 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Bacillus
        
        Rod shaped
      - Spirillium
        
        Spiral shaped
      - Coccus
        
        Circular shapped
    - - Staph
        
        Clumps of.. (SHAPE)
      - Strepto
        
        Chains of... (SHAPE)
      - Using the shape and connection describes the bacteria
    - - Comprised of peptoglycen
        
        The more peptoglycen, the thicker the cell wall
        
        Grahm postive
        
        when lots of peptoglycen is present, it shows up testing for the sugars
        
        Grahm Negative
        
        Less peptogylen is present, therfore are classified as negative
        
        Have more complex membranes that have lipids as well
        
        This made of sugar and polypeptides
      - This is a capsule
      - Endospores
        
        The is an inactive version of bacteria
        
        Seen when it is in harsh conditions, can stay preserved this way for centuries
      - Reproduction
        
        Conjugation
        
        Where one donates(F+) and (F-) one receives the dna, need close proximity
        
        Transduction
        
        Bacteria can take in foreign dna from the environment close proximity
        
        Transformation
        
        Bacteria can take in foreign DNA from the environment (can physically touch, through mainly sex pili
        
        If f- obtains the allele for the f factor from an F+ the f neg cell will become F+
        
        If only a portion of the dna is given to F-, the F- is now a recombinant
        
        Recumbent Cell
        
        cell with more than 1 type of DNA
        
        R Plasmids
        
        R plasmids carry resistant genes
    - - Made of proteins and polysaccharides
        
        This is the capsule
      - Extremophiles, exists in extreme enviorments only
        
        Extreme Halophiles tolerate high saline enviorments
        
        Extreme Thermophiles have stable DNA at high temps
      - Methanogens
        
        Produce methane as a bi-product, are obligate aneorobes
    - - Pili
        
        Larger than Fimbrae, yet still hair like. Used for exchanging DNA.F+ classification
      - Fimbrae
        
        Allow for prokaryotes to stick together, hair like. F- Classification
        
        Uses Taxis, movement to or away from stimulis
        
        F Neg classification moves away from stimulus
        
        F Pos classification moves near stimulus
      - Flagella
        
        Tail like structure used for movement
        
        Comprised of 42 proteins, forming a motor, a hook, and a fillaments
    - - Mutations
      - Genetic Recombination
      - Rapid Reproduction
  - - - Autotrophs need CO2 from related compunds
      - Heterotophs need organic compounds
    - - Light energy is phototrophs
      - Chemotrophs is from chemicals
  - - - require o2 for cellular respiration aerobic re
    - - an use o2 if present but have an option of fermentation of oxygen is not available
    - - poisoned by o2, live by fermentation or use substances other than O2
        Anaerobic respiration
    - - Nitrogen N2 to ammonia NH3
        
        Called Heterocysts in cells that prevent oxygen from entering
- - - - Has Nucleic Acid, Can have DNA or RNA
        
        Number of genes vary vastly from 3-2,000
        
        RNA virus example would be Influenza
        
        DNA virus would be herpes simplex 1 and 2
      - Can have a membrane stolen from the host cell
      - Has a capsid, a protein coating
      - Thought to have evolved from small pieces of Nucleic Acid
        
        They were discovered through tabacco plants, by extracting sap, Filtering out bacteria and adding it back to Healthy plants. The healthy plants were then infected
    - - The Lytic Cycle
        
        Short cycle that has strong symtoms
        
        The strong symtoms come from the cell bursting once replication is finished
        
        The host cell dies once finished and the virus exits the cell
        
        This produces a Virulent Phage
      - Lytic Cycle
        
        A longer cycle, has little to no symtoms present
        
        It is a dormant/mild form of a virus, seen in someone with Chickenpox but no present symptoms
        
        Once a person has symptoms of the shingles that makes it a Temperate phage.
        
        Temperate phages Have undergone the Lytic and Lysogenic cycle
    - - Host ranges
        
        Viruses have a limited amount of what they can infect
    - - When is infected DNA into cells
        
        Bacteriophage
        
        Specific to bacteria phage that infects bacteria
      - Restriction Enzymes
        
        When foreign DNA is recognized and cut up the enzymes
    - - Copy RNA and transcript to DNA
      - When the DNA is finished, it is called a provirus
    - - Misfolded proteins that replicate and are degenerative to the brain
        
        Thought to also be involved with Parkinsons and Alzheimers
      - Usually transmitted through food and slowly take course. Ends with death
    - - When the entire world is struggling with a virus it is called a pandemic
        
        Vaccines are harmless versions of the pathogen and allow the body to make defenses against selected pathogens