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chapter 19, Chapter 27 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Prions are infectious proteins that appear to cause
        degenerative brain diseases in animals
- - - - The viral DNA that is integrated into the host
        genome is called a provirus
      - A vaccine is a harmless derivative of a pathogen
        that stimulates the immune system to mount
        defenses against the harmful pathogen
- - - - HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the
        retrovirus that causes AIDS (acquired
        immunodeficiency syndrome)
- - - - Prokaryotes lack a nucleus; the chromosome is in
        the nucleoid, a region with no membrane
        
        For example, some prokaryotes convert atmospheric
        nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) in a process called
        nitrogen fixation
        
        Spirochetes These bacteria are helical gram-negative
        heterotrophs that spiral through the environment by
        rotating internal filaments
        
        Parasites that cause disease are called pathogens
        
        Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacteria that
        can cause disease even if the bacteria are no
        longer present
        
        Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharide components of
        the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
        
        The CRISPR-Cas9 system, which helps
        prokaryotes defend against viral attack, has been
        developed as a gene altering tool
        
        Prokaryotes can also be used in bioremediation,
        the use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil,
        air, or water
        
        n parasitism, an organism called a parasite
        harms but does not usually kill its host
        
        In commensalism, one organism benefits while
        neither harming nor helping the other
      - In mutualism, both symbiotic organisms benefit
    - - Cells containing the F plasmid (F+ cells) function
        as DNA donors
        
        Antibiotics kill most bacteria, but not those with R
        plasmids, plasmids that carry resistance genes
        
        Nitrogen-fixation is isolated in cells called
        heterocysts that prevent oxygen penetration
    - - Conjugation is the process through which DNA is
        transferred between two prokaryotic cells
        
        A piece of DNA called the F factor (F for fertility) is
        required for the production of pili
        
        Extreme halophiles either tolerate or require highly
        saline environments
        
        Extreme thermophiles have adaptations that make
        their DNA and proteins stable at high temperatures
        (even above 100°C)
        
        Methanogens are obligate anaerobes that produce
        methane as a by-product of their metabolism
        
        Symbiosis is an ecological relationship in which
        two species live in close contact: a larger host with
        a smaller symbiont