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Introduction to Statistics and its Applications - Coggle Diagram
Introduction to Statistics and its Applications
Statictics
Science that collects, organizes, analyzes and interprets data to make decisions
Applicable in social, scientific, economic and governmental fields
Specific objective: to handle key concepts of statistics
Origins of Statistics
Two meanings
Data collection
Analysis and interpretation to draw conclusions
Etymology
Statistik (State Science)
Initial use
Government purposes for taxes, military, land, population
Historical evolution
Stages
Ancient age
Medieval age
Little progress, censuses and records (Charlemagne, William I)
Modern age
Data analysis, mathematical foundations and probability theory emerge (Pascal, Fermat).
The term
statistics
in coined.
Contemporary age
Fast forward, sampling, statistical interference, statistical offices (INE, UN)
Main features
Population and land censuses. Examples: Egypt, China, Greece, Rome.
Branches of statistics
Data collection
Information gathering and classification
Types
Primary data
(surveys, interviews, observation).
→Quantitative method
→Qualitative method
Secondary data
(magazines, records, official documents).
Descriptive statistics
→Summarize and organize data without drawing conclusions.
→Presentation in tables, graphs and measures (mean, mode, variance)
Inferential statistics
→Draw conclusions about population based on a sample.
→Use probabilities, models, T-tests, ANOVA, regression.
Experimental statistics
→Create new statistics or improve existing techniques.
→Useful for marketing, business, development, data mining.
Casual statistics
→Analyzes cause-effect relationships between variables.
→Direct and inverse correlation.
Basic concepts
Population
→Total set of elements with common characteristics.
→It can be
finite
or
infinite
.
→If it is very large, use
sample
Character or variable
→Property to be studied.
→Types:
Qualitative:
nominal / ordinal.
Quantitative:
intervals / ratio.
Domain
→Set of valid values for the independent variable.
→Restrictions:
*Denominator ≠ 0.
Do not use values that generate negative square roots.