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CASE RESEARCH=CASE STUDY, What is Case Research? In-depth examination of a…
CASE RESEARCH=CASE STUDY
Key Design Decisions
When Case Research is Appropriate:
-Exploratory studies, early theory building
-Participant experiences and context are critical
-Explains complex, temporal processes
-Suited for multi-participant, event sequences
Unit Analysis:
-Individual, group, organizational or multiple levels
Combine levels to enrich interpretations
For Example: group work=individual participation +group cohesion +leadership
Single-case vs. Multiple-case:
-Single-case: unique, critical/contrary and useful early in theory generation
-Multiple-case: theory testing, generalizability, use replication logic (Yin, 1984)
Site selection:
-Choose sites that fit research questions
-For testing /generalizability the researcher should select dissimilar sites to vary context, For example: mix large, mid-sized, small firms
Avoid convenience and select sites that are fit for purpose
Techniques and Data Collection::
-Interviews as primary technique
-Supplement with observation, documents, archives, artifacts
-Validate/Triangulate by comparing across interviewees and sources
Roadmap for Conducting Case Research
Source (Eisenhartdt, 1989)
Define Research Questions:
-Choose theoretically and practically questions
-Set preliminary constructs/expectations to guide design
-Research questions and constructs may be changed in interpretive not positivist case research
Select Case Sites:
-Choose for theoretical reasons, not randomness
-Fit questions; minimize extraneous variance and maximize DV variance
-Control industry/size vary focal outcomes
-Identify an executive sponsor
Create Instruments and Protocols:
-Interview protocol must be followed strictly
-Use neutral tones and investigate ambiguities
-Supplement data with documents, reports, archives and or direct observations
Select Respondents:
-Sample across levels, departments and positions to obtain diverse view points
-Random preferred; snowball acceptable with diversity
-Choose based on involvement, ability, and willingness to answer, not based on convenience
Start Data Collection:
-Ensure respondent consent obtained, note behaviors and impressions (e.g., respondents body language)
-Transcribe interview verbatim
Conduct within-Case Data Analysis:
-Overlap collection and analysis to refine focus
-Examine concepts and patterns per site to help build initial theory
-Grounded theory coding (i.e., open coding, axial coding, selective coding.
-Visuals or sequence analysis for longitudinal data
Conduct Cross-Case Analysis:
-Compare patters across sites to reduce idiosyncratic context noise
-Validate and refine theory via categories within and between comparisons
-Pairwise similarities and differences across firms
Build and Test Hypothesis:
-Generate tentative hypothesis from cross site themes
-Iterate with evidence and refine constructs and relationships
-Compare to prior literature and reconcile conflicts using greater insights or emergent theory
-iterations between theory and data has no new insights theoretical saturation is reached and stop at theoretical saturations
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What is Case Research? In-depth examination of a phenomenon over an extended period within a real word setting at a limited number of locations
Type of Data Collection: Interviews, observations, pre-recorded documents or secondary data that is detailed and contextualized
Note: Business research rather than social science research
Case Research Strengths:
- Positive or interpretive methods
- Flexible questions during research process.
- Ability to capture rich array of contextual data of the phenomena of interest.
- Phenomena can be studies at individual or organizational level.
Case Research Weaknesses:
- Lack experimental control.
- The strength of the case research depends on researcher's integrate data.
- Context-specific inferences from case research are hard to generalize.
The Five Frequent Problems with Case Research Studies:
- They start with out defined questions and end up lacking meaningful insights.
- Case sites often reflect convenience, not alignment with research goals.
- Data often lacks validation or triangulation with can result in biased interpretations.
- Lack of transparency in data collection raises doubts about reliability
- Case research often fails to track phenomena longitudinally, resulting in only cross-sectional and limited insights that are temporal in nature
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