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Reasons for Visible Faults on Radiographic Images - Coggle Diagram
Reasons for Visible Faults on Radiographic Images
A) Processing & Operator Errors
4. Fogging
Film exposed to white light in darkroom
Old chemicals or incorrect storage can also cause fogging
Produces a grey, low-contrast overall appearance
5. Over-exposure
Too high mA, kV, or exposure time
Image appears
too dark
3. Black lines / crescent marks
Caused by bending film, static electricity, or film creasing
Appear as sharp black lines or lightning-shaped artefacts
6. Under-exposure
Too low mA, kV, or exposure time
Image appears
too light
2. Scratches
Damaged film emulsion from rough handling, film slips, racks
Appear as white or dark lines depending on depth
7. Reduced contrast
Caused by exhausted chemicals, incorrect developer temperature, fogging
Image looks flat, harder to interpret
1. Finger Marks
Caused by touching film with wet/contaminated fingers
Fingerprints show as smudges or patterns on film
8. Blurred images
Pt movement
Operator movement or unstable tube head
Poor sensor/film placement
B) Pt Related Faults (Accessories)
Examples:
Earrings
Nose rings
Glasses
Dentures
Hair clips
Metal ornaments
These items may appear as
artefacts, shadows, or block anatomy
; ESPECIALLY on OPG images
C) Chemical Related Faults
2. Poor stock rotation
Using expired or degraded chemicals
Leads to inconsistent quality
3. Contaminated chemicals
Developer mixed with fixer = dark spots, steaks
Fixer contamination = milky film appearance
1. Old stock develop/fixer
Causes light, faded images (underdeveloped)
Can also increase fogging
4. Incorrect chemical temperature
Too cold
= underdeveloped (pale)
Too hot
= overdeveloped (too dark, grainy)
D) Equipment Faults
3. Scanner errors (PSP plates)
Dust on scanner pane = white spots
Incorrect insertion = partial image
4. X-ray tube head faults
Inconsistent exposure
Cone-cutting
Tube head drift = blurred margins
2. Damaged digital sensors/ PSP plates
Dead pixels
White/black lines
Scratches on PSP plates
1. Faulty automatic processor
Roller marks
Uneven development
Drag lines
Dtying marks