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Chapter 11 and 12 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 11 and 12
Chapter 11: Case Research
A method of intensively studying a phenomenon over time within its natural setting in one or a few sites
Strengths:
-Can be used for either theory testing or theory building
-questions can be modified during the research process if the orginal questions don't work
-derive richer, more contextualized and more authentic interpretation of the phenonmeon of interest
-The phenomenon of interst can be studied from the perspectives of multiple particpants and using multuple levels of study
Key Decisions in Case research
Is this the right method for the research question being studied?
What is the appropriate unit of analysis for a case research study?
Should the researcher employ a single-case or multiple-case design?
What sites should be chosen for case research?
What techniques of data collection should be used in case research?
Conducting case research
Define research questions
Select Case Sites
Create instruments and protocols
Select Respondents
Start Data Collection
Conduct within-case data analysis
Conduct cross-case analysis
Build and test Hypothesis
Write case research report
Positivist Case Research exemplar
System-Determined Theory:
The resistance was casuedd by factors related to an inadequate system
People-Determined Theory:
The resistance was caused by factors internal to users
Interaction Theory:
The resistance was not caused by factors to the system or to people, but by the interaction between the two set of factors
Comparisons with traditional research
Positivist case research is criticized by natural science as lacking in controlled observations, controlled deductions, replicability and generalizability of findings
The problem of controlled deduction refers to the lack of adequate quantitative evidence to support inferences, given the most qualitative nature of case research data
The problem of replicability refers to the difficulty of observing the same phenomenon considering the uniqueness and idiosyncrasy of a given case site
Case research tends to examine unique and non-replicable phenomena that may not generalized to other settings
Karl Popper four requirements of sciencetific theories
-Theories should be falsifiable
-Theories should be logically consistent
-Should have adequare predictive ability
-should provide better explanation than rival theories
Chapter 12: Interpretive Research
Shaped by human experiences and social contexts and therefore best studied within its sociohistoric context by reconciling the subjective interpretations of its various participants
Distinctions from positivist research
Interpretive research Employs theoretic sampling where cases are selected based on theoretical consideration vs postivist research employs random sampling
the role of the research receives critical attention
Interpretive analysis is holistic and contextual rather than being reductionist and isolationist
Data collection and analysis can proceed simultaneously and iteratively
Benefits and Challenges of interpretive research
Benefits
well suited for exploring hidden reasons behind complex, interralted or multi-facted social processes
often helpful for theory construction in areas with no or insufficient
Also appropriate for studying context-specific, unique or idiosyncratic events or processes
Interpreative research can also help uncover interesting and relevants research questions and issues for follow-up research
Challenges
Type of research tends to be more time and resource intensive
interpretive research requires well-trained researchers who are capable of seeing and interpreting complex social phenomenon from the perspectives of the embedded participants without injecting personal bias
All participants are not equally credible
given the heavily contextualized nature of inferences drawn from interpretive research, such interferenes do not lead themselves well to replicability
sometimes fails to answer the research question
Characteristics of interpretive research
Naturalistic inquiry-must be studied within their natural setting
Research as instrument-researchers are often embedded within the social context that they are studying
Interpretive Analysis-Observation must be interpreted through the eyes of the participants embedded in the social context
Use of expressive language: Documenting the verbal and non-verbal language of the participants and the analysis of such language are integral components of interpretive analysis
Temporal Nature-Interpretive research is often not concerned with searching specific answers but with understanding or 'making sense' of a dynamic social process as it unfolds over time
Hermeneutic Circle: Interpretive interpretation is an interactive process of moving back and forth from pieces of observation to the entity of the social phenomenon to reconcile their apparent discord, and to contract a theory that is consistent with the diverse subjective viewpoints and experiences of the embedded participants
Interpretive Data Designs
Case Research: Intensive longitudinal study of a phenomenon at on eor more research sites for the purpose of deriving detailed, contextualized inferences, and understanding the dynamic process underlying a phenomenon of interest
Action Research: qualitative but positivist research design aimed at theory testing rather than theory building
Ethnography: emphasizes studying a phenomenon within the context of its culture
Phenomenology: emphasizes the study of conscious experiences as a way of understanding the reality around us
Rigor in Interpretive Research
Dependability
Credibility
Confirmability
Transferability