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CH12 Managing Waiting Lines - Coggle Diagram
CH12 Managing Waiting Lines
Waiting Realities
The economies of waiting lines
通过利用顾客等待的这段时间,可以对于提高生产力有贡献
病人在等候看病期间,可以提前填写病史,增加看病的效率
Definition
:Consumer waiting may be viewed as a
contribution
to productivity by permitting greater
utilization of limited capacity
.
Inevitability of Waiting
Waiting happens in any system for which arrivals occur at varying times and service times also vary.
若服务能力<顾客需求,由于顾客是多变性的(如到达、服务时间)
Queues Form
Waiting
The four attributes
Strategies
4个特征对应策略
That old empty feeling
Other productive activities -- Empty, or unoccupied time feels awful
熟悉的空虚感:在等待的时候,没有事情做会觉得很奇怪,令人不适,可以通过其他有意思的活动,让顾客脱离这种感觉。
A foot in the door
" Service-related " diversions
一只脚踏入门槛
例如,在等候期间给顾客菜单,传达给消费者服务已经开始的感觉
The light at the end of the tunnel
例如,排队等候时间指示牌,减轻消费者对于排队等候时长的焦虑
Excuse me, but I was next
排队公平性:若消费者看到晚到的消费者被先服务,对于等待市场的焦虑会转化为对于不公平的愤怒
A queuing system
Essential features
5个特征
P1: Calling population
需求群体
Subpopulations
亚种群
不同顾客会被分成不同种类(特性)
例如,预约/非预约
Finite / Infinite
是否有个数的限制
Homogeneous groups
均匀组
同一类顾客
例如,都是预约的顾客
P2: Arrival process
到达过程
Interarrival times
到达间隔时间
Exponential
指数分布
图像特征
The long tail that tapers off to the right
呈下降趋势
The high frequency at the origin
起初,高概率
The mean 均值 = The Standard deviation 标准差
Exponential Distribution
连续性概率分布:两件事情发生之间需要等待的时间间隔
(从此刻到下一顾客到达需要等多久)
Poission Distribution
离散型概率分布:在固定时间或空间内,事件发生的次数的概率分布
(在时间间隔
t
内,顾客到达的个数n的概率)
Classifcation
Static
静态
Random arrivals with constant rate
固定到达率
Random arrival rate varying with time
变化(固定)
Dynamic
动态
Facility-controlled
设施控制
Accept / Reject
Price
Appointments
Customer-exercised
顾客方面的问题
Reneging
Balking
Balk
可能发生意外,导致到达受阻
P3: Queue configuration
Renge
食言,排队中放弃
The number of queues; 2. Locations; 3. Spatial requirements; 4. Effects on customer behavior
Multiple Queues
Single Queues
Take a number
P4: Queue discipline
排队规则
Static -- status of queue
(FCFS rule)
Dynamic -- individual customer attributes
P5: Service process
服务流程
Static
Dynamic
Relationship
A negative exponential distribution of time between arrivals
A Poisson distribution of arrival rates