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Exam 4 ecology and genetics - Coggle Diagram
Exam 4 ecology and genetics
Heredity
Genetic Variation
Meosis
different combos after metaphase 1
aka independant assortment
Prophase 1 tight chromosomes=DNA exchange
crossing over
Alleles
Heterozygosity
differnt alleles in offspirng
Sex reproduction gets rid of dangerous allleles
self pollination= less new traits
Mendelian Genetics
Principle of dominance
one trait is dominant over its opposite
dom and recessive
Prinsiple of segregation
parents only give one allele to offspring
Principle of independent assortment
same as segregation but with more traits
Extensions of Mendel
incomplete dominance
intermediate traits cuz non dominatn and recessive
Co dominance
both traits are expressed
multiple alleles
self explanatory- new heirarchies
mutations
point
small nucleotide changes
chromosomal
huge chromosomal difference
deleations, duplications, inversions, translocations, transposons
nonrecombinant
crossing over fails limiting diveristy
polygenic
many genes work on a single trait
epistatsis
one gene modifies or negates another gene
opp shi
peliotrpohy
one gene changes many traits
polyploidy
auto
duplication
allo
hybridization
more than 2 chomosoamal sets
Population Genetics
Hardy Weinburg Model
p2+2pq+q2=1
p= dom allele frequency
q= recessive freq
2pq= hetero frequency
p2= AA frequency
q2=aa freq
p+q=1
gene pool is the total alleles
allele frequency is certain allele/ total
same principle for genotypic frequency
Punnett square is lowkey inefficient
Assumptions of HW
all must be constant for HW to work
no mutations
no genetic drift
meaning must have large population to negate random events
no migration
no nat selection
random mating
violations not in the core 5
artifical selection
polymorphic
Patterns of Natural Selection
stabilizing
intermediate favored
disruptive
both extreme traits favored over intermediate
directional
one trait favored over another
none
no nat selection due to random event
ie population changes because of fire or somthing
Community Ecology
population demography
birth and death rates in a population
Exponential growth (J)
constant increase
Logistic Growth (S)
stabilization
Carrying capacity (K)
Exponential growth Model
dN/dt=rN
N= population
d equation is the change in size
r= intrinsic growth rate
Logistic Growth Model
dN/dt=rN(1-N/K)
has carrying capacity
r selected species
rapid reproducation with high reseaources
K selected species
stable repo at carrying capacity
Life history tables
x= age
Nx = number alive at age
Fx= average offspring at age
Sx= Nx+1/Nx
survival rate
lx=Nx/No
survivorship
Survivorship curves
type 2
constant death rate over time
type 3
early deaths but those that survive live long (trees)
Type 1
death later in life (humans)
Community interactions
Lotka Volterna Model
Prey
dN/dt=rN-aNP
a = attack rate
P= predator population
Predator
dP/dt=b(aNP) - mP
mutalism
commensulaism
competition
predation
