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Ecology Pt.2 - Coggle Diagram
Ecology Pt.2
Community Ecology
Key terms
Ecosystem engineers- species that change the ecosystem; physically do something that changes the ecosystem.
Invasive species- invasive species that are not native, come in and destroy the ecosystem.
Keystone species- species that if eliminated, will destroy the ecosystem.
Introduced species- species intentionally introduced to the ecosystem, protects the ecosystem.
Dominant species- mostly plants, most visible and common species in the environment.
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Trophic Levels.
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Primary producers → primary consumers → secondary consumers → tertiary consumers → quaternary consumers.
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Food chain- linear energy flow, focus on energy transfer.
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Energetic hypothesis- the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain.
Community Interactions.
Predation (+/-)
Chemical defense- skunk, toads.
Aposematic coloration- warning coloration, using bright red, yellow, and orange colors. Shows that they're toxic. Poison dart frog.
Mechanical Defense- porcupines, snails, sea urchin.
Cryptic coloration- camouflage, blend in to not stand out. Canyon tree frog, chameleon.
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Batesian mimicry- a harmless species mimics a harmful one. Venomous green parrot snake and nonvenomous hawkmoth larva.
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Competition(-/-)
Individuals of different species each use a resource that limits the survival and reproduction of both individuals.
Competitive exclusion- slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to local elimination of the inferior competitor.
Resource partitioning- the differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community.
Character displacement- tendency for characteristics to diverge more in sympatric than in allopatric population of two species
Herbivory (+/-) - A herbivore eats parts of a plant or algae, usually harming but not killing it.
Parasitism (+/-)
Ectoparasite- feeds on external surface. Ticks, lice.
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One organism, the parasite, derives its nourishment from another organism, the host.
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Commensalism- (+/0)- One species benefits but neither helps or harms the other species. Birds building nests on trees.
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Intermediate disturbance hypothesis-moderate levels of disturbance foster greater species diversity than do high or low levels of disturbance.
Ecological succession
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Secondary succession- recolonization of an area after a major disturbance has removed most but not all of the organisms in a community.
A disturbed area may be colonized by a variety of species which are in turn replaced by other species.
Population Ecology
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Density Dependent Factor
Mechanisms
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Diseases- more dense the population, the more people will get sick.
Competition for resources- plants in dense fields fight for sunlight, water and soil.
Density Dependent- death rate that increases with population density or birth rate that falls with rising density.
Density Independent- a birth or death rate that does NOT change with population density. Mechanisms are Natural disasters and Climate change.
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Demographic Transition- movement from high birth and death rate toward low birth and death rates, which tends to accompany industrialization and improved living conditions.
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