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Larynx-Pharynx & Phonation, Medinna Rasha - 2506557816 - Coggle Diagram
Larynx-Pharynx & Phonation
Structure and borders of the three regions of the pharynx
Pharynx is a funnel-shaped muscular tube extending from the skull base to inferior cricoid cartilage (C6)
Surrounded by retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal spaces
Regions
Nasopharynx: behind nasal cavity, roof is fornix arch, floor is soft palate
Contains pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube opening, torus tubarius, salpingopharyngeal fold, pharyngeal recess with tonsils
Oropharynx: behind oral cavity, bounded by palatoglossal fold anteriorly and posterior 1/3 of tongue inferiorly
Contains palatine tonsils and epiglottic vallecula
Laryngopharynx: behind larynx, leading to esophagus
Bounded by larynx anteriorly, mucosa covers constrictor muscles.
Contains piriform recesses (common site for foreign body lodgement)
Wall layers: mucosa, submucosa, pharyngobasilar fascia, muscular layer (3 constrictors outside, 3 longitudinal inside muscles), buccopharyngeal fascia (outermost)
Structure and topography of the cartilage components of larynx and trachea
Larynx cartilages (9 total): 3 single and 3 paired
Single: thyroid (Adam's apple, C4-C5), cricoid (complete ring, C6), epiglottis (leaf-shaped, elastic).
Paired: arytenoids (pyramid-shaped, vocal cord tension), corniculate (on arytenoids), cuneiform (support aryepiglottic folds).
Larynx positioned C3-C6 vertebrae, anterior neck.
Trachea: supported by 16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings, open posteriorly with trachealis muscle.
Trachea extends from cricoid cartilage to carina dividing primary bronchi
Anatomy of pharynx and larynx muscles
Pharynx muscles
Outer circular (constrictor) muscles: superior, middle, inferior constrictors (push food during swallowing).
Inner longitudinal muscles: stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus (elevate pharynx/larynx).
Larynx muscles
Intrinsic muscles (control vocal folds): posterior cricoarytenoid (abducts vocal cords), lateral cricoarytenoid (adducts), transverse/oblique arytenoids (adduct), cricothyroid (tenses cords), thyroarytenoid (relaxes cords), vocalis (fine control).
Extrinsic muscles (move entire larynx): elevators (stylohyoid, mylohyoid, digastric, geniohyoid), depressors (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid).
Anatomical structures involved in speech and sound production
Sound production starts with vocal folds vibrating within larynx; pitch determined by vocal fold tension, length, and thickness.
Glottis is space between vocal folds; changes in width alter airflow and pitch.
Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) protect airway, don't produce sound.
Resonance chambers: nasal cavity, oral cavity, paranasal sinuses, oropharynx, nasopharynx - amplify and shape sound quality.
Articulation structures: tongue (shapes vowels/consonants), lips, teeth, soft palate, jaw, facial muscles (modify sound and clarity).
Mechanism stages: air from lungs generates subglottic pressure → vocal folds close and vibrate → raw sound formed → resonance amplifies sound → articulation forms intelligible speech.
Medinna Rasha - 2506557816