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Learning Disability, Main findings, Implications, Linguistic Coding…
Learning Disability
A language-based learning disability (LBLD) is a neurological disorder that affects the processing of spoken and written language, causing difficulties in skills such as reading, spelling, writing, and speaking.
Symptoms : Difficulty with reading, writing, or math.Works slower than peers on academic tasks.Struggles with one specific skill area.Directly affects academic skills.
Treatment / Support: LD-Special teaching strategies.Step-by-step learning support. Remedial instruction.
Main findings
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Unexpectedly, ADHD students:
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Misclassification
Misclassification occurs when a student’s label (LD, ADHD, low-achieving) does not match their actual linguistic profile.
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ADHD students were misclassified as high-achieving or low-achieving because their language profiles vary widely.
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LD students Showed significant L1 weaknesses (reading, writing, spelling).
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Implications
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L2 problems usually reflect L1 weaknesses. Teachers should: 1.check decoding, spelling, phonological awareness 2. provide structured support for linguistic coding 3. use multisensory phonological and grammatical training (supported by Sparks’ earlier studies)
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