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GROUPS, Deindividuation, Social Identity of DEindividuation (SIDE Model,…
GROUPS
Crowd behaviour
Crowd: -elementary form of social group
-Structually simple than small/medium sized groups
-members engage in less complex social interactions
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[Inter-Group Behaviour]
Summer camp studies(Sherif, 1966)
Realistic Conflict theory : A real or perceived conflict of interest underlies much of the prejudice and hostility between group
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Cons: Research against: competitive intergroup behaviour can arise without realistic conflict
-Assume all conflict is wrong; some conflict in life maybe necessary
Minimal group paradigm (Tajfel et al, 1970)
Social identity theory
Social Facilitation
Being in presence of others increases “Drive” or arousal and may produce a sense of “evaluaion apprehension” or concerns about our performance being assessed by an audience
Other suggest that mere presence distracts us from the task and creates a conflict between paying attention to the task for paying attention to the audience
Social loafing
People do not seem to work as hard when in groups
Reason: diffusion of sense of resposibility -> contribution cannot be identified
Free rider
Stop making effort because they believe that the overall group performance will not suffer as a result
OR
Wants to avoid being a sucker who puts in effort when others do not (Loaf as they think others will loaf)
Social Labouring
Conditions
1) Social compensation - work harder to compensate for the poor performance of others
2)Task is interesting or important to group members
3) Degree to which to which the participants identify with and value their membership in the group
-A large majority allocated significantly more points to their own group than to the other group
-Favoured own over other group- in group favouritism
Results: When the boys had the choice between maximizing the profit for all or their own group, they will chose their own group
- They were more concerned with creating as large a difference as possible between the amounts allocated to each group(In favour of their own) than in gaining a greater amount for everybody
Features
Structure
Roles: Pattern of behaviour that differentiate among people in the group, for the greater good of the group
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Cohesiveness
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Group cohesiveness: The extent to which the member of a group are attracted to the ideals of a group. Influence adherence to group norms
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Deindividuation
Anonymity studies (Zimbardo, 1970)
-Found anonymity from the rest of the group had no effect, whilst anonymity to outsiders increased antinormative behaviour effect, and that reduced Private self-awareness
-Anti-social behaviour aries primary from
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(Zimbaro, 1969)Defined as a loss of identity and sense of individuality, together with reduced interest in the appraisal of others
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Social Identity of DEindividuation (SIDE Model, Reicher, spear and postmen’s, 1995 )
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Suggest people’s behaviour moves from being driven by personal identity to being driven by the social identity that is provided by the crowd -> Collective behaviour e.g Stock market trends arise from herding behaviour driven by contagious emotions - Greed, fear of missing and gains, fear of losses
Emergent norm theory
Rather than treating collective behaviour as pathological or instrinsictual, emergent norm theory views collective behaviour as being regulated by norms based on distinctive behaviour that arises in the initially norm less crowd.
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