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Chapter 10: Water: Hydrologic Cycle and Human Use, Chapter 11: Soil - The…
Chapter 10: Water: Hydrologic Cycle and
Human Use
Water
Properties
High heat of
vaporization
High heat capacity
High boiling, melting,
freezing points, etc.
High viscosity
Adhesion + cohesion
Water is either
Surface runoff into
surface waterbodies
ponds, lakes,
streams, rivers, etc.
Soaked into ground
by infiltration
Estuary
wetland where freshwater meets salt water
Wetland
area where ground is seasonally or permanently saturated with water
Worldwide largest uses of water are as
follows
Direct Human Use (10%)
Industry (20%)
Irrigation (70%)
Chapter 11: Soil - The Foundation for Land
Ecosystems
Five Golden Rules of the Tropics
Maximizing biodiversity
Maximize biomass
production
Mulch for nutrients and
cover
Minimum or no-till
Keep soil covered → cover crops!
Soil Functions
Water purification
Recycles nutrients and water
Organism habitat
Engineering medium
Medium for plant growth
Modifier of atmosphere
Soil Forming Factors
Parent material
Topography
Biota
Time
Climate
Types of Soils
Ultisols
Very weathered deciduous forest soil – very defined, clayey horizons with orange -red hues
Histosols
Thick, dark brown/black layers of built-up peat
Inceptisols
More of a ”catch all”
category
Spodosols
Highly leached due to sandy texture and acidity from pine tree needles
Oxisols
Deep Red - from oxidized
iron (Fe3+)
Chapter 12: The Production and Distribution
of Food
Components of Conventional Farming
Irrigation
Expansive land
Chemicals
Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)
Infrastructure
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs
Modern machinery
Genetic Modifications
Transgenic
Marker-assisted breeding
Food Crisis
Undernourishment
Malnutrition
Hunger
Over-nourishment
Chapter 14 and 15: fossil fuels and Nuclear power
Coal combustion products
Bottom ash
conglomerated ash
particles
Flue gas desulfurization material
formed from SO2 scrubbers
Boiler slag
molten bottom ash
reacted with water
Fly ash
Ingredient in soil modification and/or
stabilization
Oil
Petroleum Oil
liquid, viscous mixture of
combustible hydrocarbons
Oil reserves
Mostly held in Persian Gulf (65%)
Nuclear energy
Beta Particles
Alpha particle
Gamma ray