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MARITIMISATION - Coggle Diagram
MARITIMISATION
Australia is an Emerging Maritime Power
It has many assets
3rd largest EEZ in the world (8 million square km) and is positioned in the Indo-Pacific
3rd LNG exporter (80 million tonnes a year)
The Great Barrier Reef reels in 6 billion AUD per year
It is a strong naval power
Australia has payed 368 billion AUD through 2021 AUKUS for 8 nuclear submarines
The RAN is currently awaiting 6 Hunter-class frigates at $4 billion per ship
Australia enforces maritime security through the QUAD partnership
Tough it's not there yet...
97% of it's trade is done on foreign vessels, leaving it vulerable
Australia remains a regional middle power in the Indo-Pacific region only
Economic exploitation for short-term or environmental protection for long-term?
Maritime Resources and Trade
The ocean provides many recources
It provides energy, 30% hydrocarbons are extracted offshore, paired with marine renewables
Fisheries and aquaculture provide 200 million tonnes of fish annually
It's also a source of tourism, namely in the Caribbean and Mediterranean, with 28 million cruise passengers in 2019
The ocean is a vector for trade
90% of global trade crosses the ocean thanks to 20,000 TEU ships
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean
Hormuz, Malacca, Suez, Panama
Oceans are Dominated by Law and Tensions
1982 Montego Bay Convention
High seas represent 64% of oceans serving as a "common heritage to mankind"
The US continues to reject of "common heritage" principle
12 nm territorial sea and 200 nm EEZ
Maritimisation is entwined with conflict and militirisation
In the South China Sea, China's nine-dash line stand as a symbolic rebellion against the 2016 ruling
Since 2008, Operation Atalanta combats piracy in the Gulf of Guinea and Somalia
There is a naval arms race between the US (11 carriers) and China (3, carries, 65 subs)
Maritimisation Threatens an Environmental Crisis and Calls for Protection
The oceans are under threat
33% of species are over-exploited
10 million tonnes of plastic end up in the ocean every year
Oceans absorb 25% of CO2, causing acidification and harming shellfish
There are several protection efforts
The 2024 BBNJ agreement aims to protect 30% of the ocean by 2030
Marine Protected Areas currently cover 8.6% of the ocean
NGOs like Greenpeace and Sea Shepherd combat illegal fishing