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Fighting Antimicrobial Drug Resistance - Coggle Diagram
Fighting Antimicrobial Drug Resistance
Treatment Innovations
New Antibiotic Classes
Development of novel drugs with new mechanisms
Target bacteria that are resistant to current antibiotics
Helps overcome existing resistance patterns
Drug Repurposing
Using existing drugs for new antimicrobial purposes
Faster and cheaper than developing new drugs
Helps find unexpected antibacterial effects
Combination Therapy
Using two or more drugs together
Prevents bacteria from developing resistance
Enhances treatment effectiveness
Bacteriophage Therapy
Viruses (phages) that specifically kill bacteria
Useful for multidrug-resistant infections
Can be personalized to target specific pathogens
Rapid Diagnostic Tools
Identify pathogens and resistance genes quickly
Help choose the right antibiotic immediately
Reduce unnecessary or wrong prescriptions
Mechanisms of Resistance
Enzyme Inactivation (e.g., β-lactamase)
Bacteria produce enzymes that destroy or deactivate antibiotics
β-lactamase breaks the β-lactam ring in penicillins/cephalosporins
Antibiotic becomes ineffective before reaching its target
Altered Drug Target
Bacterial proteins or binding sites change shape
Antibiotics can no longer attach to the target
Common in MRSA (changed penicillin-binding protein)
Efflux Pumps
Bacteria pump out antibiotics from the cell
Reduces drug concentration inside the bacteria
Works against many antibiotic classes
Biofilm Formation
Bacteria form protective layers on surfaces
Biofilms block antibiotic penetration
Seen in catheters, wounds, implants
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Bacteria share resistance genes with each other
Occurs through conjugation, transformation, or transduction
Spreads resistance rapidly across species
Global & Policy Approaches
Government Regulation of Antibiotics
Control antibiotic sales and prescriptions
Ban over-the-counter antibiotic use
Regulate antibiotic use in agriculture and livestock
International Collaboration
Countries share data, resources, and strategies
Global action plans by WHO, CDC, and OIE
Coordinated response to cross-border AMR threats
Research Funding
Support development of new antibiotics and diagnostics
Fund AMR-focused research institutions
Encourage innovation through grants and incentives
Monitoring Systems
Track antibiotic use and resistance trends
Early warning systems for outbreaks
Guide national policies and treatment guidelines
Travel and Hospital Infection Control Policies
Screening travelers from high-risk AMR regions
Strict hospital protocols (hand hygiene, isolation rooms)
Prevent spread of resistant organisms across borders and healthcare settings
Definition
Fighting antimicrobial drug resistance means using antibiotics responsibly and taking actions to stop germs from becoming resistant, so medicines remain effective for treating infections.
Causes of Antimicrobial Resistance
Incomplete Treatment
Stopping antibiotics too early
Not following the full prescribed dose
Surviving bacteria become resistant
Misuse of Antibiotics
1.Taking antibiotics without prescription
3.Sharing or reusing leftover antibiotics
2.Using antibiotics for viral illnesses
Over-Prescription
Doctors prescribing antibiotics unnecessarily
Patient pressure leading to unnecessary prescriptions
Broad-spectrum antibiotics used when not needed
Agricultural Use in Livestock
Antibiotics given to animals for growth promotion
Routine use in animal feed/water
Resistant bacteria transferring from animals to humans
Poor Infection Control
Weak hygiene practices in hospitals
Improper sterilization of equipment
Spread of resistant bacteria in community or healthcare settings
Prevention & Control Strategies
Hygiene & Infection Control
Handwashing, PPE, and proper cleaning
Isolation of infected patients
Prevents transmission of resistant organisms
Surveillance Systems (e.g., GLASS)
Monitor antibiotic resistance trends
Early detection of resistant pathogens
Helps guide treatment guidelines and policies
Antibiotic Stewardship Programs
Ensure correct antibiotic selection, dose, and duration
Reduce unnecessary prescriptions
Promote responsible use in hospitals and clinics
Vaccination Programs
Prevent infections before they occur
Reduce need for antibiotics
Decrease spread of resistant pathogens
Education & Awareness Programs
Teach public and healthcare workers about proper antibiotic use
Reduce misuse and self-medication
Encourage responsible behavior to slow resistance