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5.1.5 Animal responses - Coggle Diagram

- - - - FUNCTIONAL organisation
        
        Somatic nervous system:
        
        Under conscious control (when voluntarily decide to do)
        
        E.G. Decide to move muscle → to move arm
        
        SNS carries n.impulse → Body's muscle
        
        Autonomic nervous system:
        
        Works constantly, under subconscious control
        
        E.G to cause heart to beat, breathing*
        
        ANS carries n.impulse → Glands, Smooth muscle & Cardiac muscle
        
        2 ANTAGNOSTIC systems → If One decreases = then Other increases
        
        Parasympathetic NS (rest and digest)
        
        Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine
        
        E.G. In Salivary gland; Saliva production decrease
        
        Sympathetic NS (fight or flight)
        
        Neurotransmitter: Noradrenaline
        
        E.G. In Salivary gland; Saliva production increased
- - - - Receptor cells (in sense organs) send info to each c.hemisphere → Info passed to association areas (in brain) to be analysed/acted on → Impulses come into the motor areas where MOTOR neurones send impulses to → effectors for response
        
        Primary motor cortex: main region which controls movement @ back of frontal lobe
        
        In Base of brain -- Impulses from each side cross ∴ Impulses from Right side of body reach Left c.hemisphere
      - High Convoluted ∴ Increases S.Area & so its capacity for activity
        
        Split into R/L cerebral hemisphere, each control half of body & has discrete areas which perform specific functions (also mirrored in each hemisphere)
        
        Cerebral cortex: outer layers of cerebral hemisphere
    - - Hypothalamus MAIN controlling region for ANS and its 2 centres
      - FUNCTIONS:
        
        Controls complex patterns of behaviour E.G. Feeding, sleeping, aggression
        
        Monitoring composition of blood plasma E.G. Concentration of water & glucose ∴ has RICH blood supply
        
        Produces hormones - it's an Endocrine gland
    - - Both ENDOCRINE glands
      - (1) Anterior pituitary (front section)
        
        Produces 6 hormones E.G. FSH (follicle stimulating) involved in reproduction and growth hormones
      - (2) Posterior pituitary (back section)
        
        Stores and releases hormones produced by @ Hypothalamus E.G. ADH involved in urine production
    - - Receives info from:
        
        Organs of balance in Ears
        
        Info about tone of muscles an tendons
        
        THEN relays the info → to Areas of Cerebral cortex (@ Cerebrum) involved in motor control
    - - Controls reflex activities E.G. Ventilation (breathing rate) & Heart Rate
        
        Controls activities E.G. Swallowing, Peristalsis, Coughing
- - - - (2) Sensory neurone: carries impulse to Spinal cord
        
        (3) Relay neurone: within the spinal cord/brain connects the sensory neurone → to motor neurone
        
        (4) Motor neurone: carries impulse → to Effector to carry out response
        
        Spinal cord: column of nervous tissues running up the back & surrounded by spine
- - - - Appearance: Striated
        
        Control: Voluntary
        
        Arrangement: Regular so muscle contracts 1 direction
        
        Contraction speed: Rapid
        
        Length of contraction: Short
      - STRUCTURE
        
        Showing cross striations & fibres are tubular and multinucleated
        
        Muscle fibre: Skeletal muscles made from bundle of muscle fibres
        
        Sarcolemma: plasma membrane that encloses muscle fibre
        
        Sarcoplasm: shared cytoplasm within muscle fibre
        
        Sarcoplasmic reticulum (modified ER): which extends throughout muscle fibre containing Ca2+ for muscle contraction
        
        Contain a number of nuclei & longer than normal cell - formed from many embryonic muscle cells fused ∴ make muscle stronger
        
        Contain lots of mitochondria - to provide ATP for muscle contraction
        
        T tubules (in part of Sarcolemma): inward folds to help spread electrical impulses throughout sarcoplasm
        ADV: Ensures whole of fibre receives the impulse to contract at the same time
        
        Each muscle fibre contains many MYOFIBRILS: long cylindrical organelles made of proteins
        
        Specialised for contraction
        
        Myofibrils lined up in parallel to provide MAX force when all contract together
        
        Myofibrils have alternating light and dark bands ∴ striped appearance
        
        Made up of 2 types of protein filament
        
        Actin - thinner filament, has 2 strands twisted around each other
        
        Myosin - THICKER filament, has long rod-shaped fibres with bulbous heads that project to one side
        
        I-BANDS (LiGHT) - NO OVERLAP of Actin + Myosin
        
        A-BANDS (DaRK) - PRESENCE of THICK Myosin. (Edges are particularly dark due to myosin overlap with actin)
        
        Z-LiNE - line found @ centre of each I-BAND
        
        Sarcomere: distance between adjacent Z-Lines
        
        H-ZONE - lighter region @ centre of A-BAND. Only Myosin present → Muscle contracts = H-Zone decreases
        
        ADV: Multinucleate - Numerous nuclei produce efficient protein synthesis and vast amount of proteins (actin & myosin) for growth, maintenance and energy demands
      - Histology of Skeletal muscle:
        
        Individual muscle fibres - long and thin multinucleated fibres that are crossed with a regular pattern of fine red & white lines
        
        Highly structured arrangement of sarcomeres - appear as A-BANDS (dark) and I-BANDS (light)
        
        Streaks of connective & adipose tissue
        
        Capillaries running in between fibres
    - - Structure: Fainter striations & fibres are branched and uninucleated
        
        Appearance: Non-striated
        
        Control: Involuntary
        
        Arrangement: Cells branch and interconnect resulting in simultaneous contraction
        
        Contraction speed: Intermediate
        
        Length of contraction: Intermediate
    - - Structure: No cross striation & fibres are spindle shaped and uninucleated
        
        Appearance: Non-striated
        
        Control: Involuntary
        
        Arrangement: No regular - so different cells can contract in different directions
        
        Contraction speed: slow
        
        Length of contraction: can remain contracted for a long time