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THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION: READING ACQUISITION - Coggle Diagram
THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION: READING ACQUISITION
1) BRAIN EVOLUTION AND READING
Our brain is evolved for speech language (older), not for
script
(new and artificial) that is a
cultural invention
Scripts
is universal for becoming literate, but there are differences
Logographic Scripts
Easier to learn cause
more intuitive
Alphabetic Scripts
More efficient cause
less symbols
Requires learning the
letter-to-sound mappings
(not intuitive)
Two steps to learn reading:
1) Learning phonemes in a word
2) Associating phonemes and letter symbols
In
Dyslexia
both of processes are imparied
Depends in the grade of
trasparency
(Dutch VS English)
2) NEURONAL RECYCLING HYPOTHESIS
Our brain is not evolved for reading but there are
areas activated
(VWFA) by
letter symbols
, how is it possible?
Dehane & Cohen: there is a
recycling
of evolutionary
older brain circuits
(used to process similar information)
Learning changes our brain networks
3) HOW DOES LITERACY CHANGE THE BRAIN?
How to study it?
Comparing literates VS illiterates
(Dehaene et al.)
Changes in
auditory cortex
(speech sound processing)
Literate and strong activation of
Planum Temporale
(associated with phonemic awareness)
Changes in
visual cortex
Literate
stronger activation
of VWFA (written words
Literate
weaker activation
to faces/houses
More indagates in a
longitudinal study
with children
Invading weakly specialized areas but previously specialized areas are unchanged
More gains than losses
Comparing natural imput responses VS culturally learned imput responses
How does literacy
change
speech sound processing
?
In
Planum Temporale
, stronger activation for congruency letter-speech
Is this a less efficient process in
developmental dyslexia
?
Same experiments a before, but
comparing dyslexics vs controls
Dyslexics
not difference
between LS
congruency
and
incongruency
Congruency effect
correlates with
reading skills
(also in controls readers)
Individual differences
Is this different process in
transparent
vs
opaque orthographies
(writing systems)?
No reliable letter-sound mapping in
opaque languages
(english), so which are the
effects
of speech processing in
auditory cortex
?
No congruency
effect for
speech sounds
association (respect Dutch)
Yes congruency
effect for
number names
association (respect Dutch)
There are
orthographic differences
in auditory cortex modulation
0 & 4) INTERPLAY BETWEEN EDUCATION AND THE BRAIN'S ORGANIZATION
Literacy (education) is constrained by the brain
Literacy (education) changes brain functions (audiitory and visual cortices)
5) WHAT DOES ALL OF THIS MEAN FOR EDUCATION?
Knowing about how learning to read shapes the brain in different ways
Least natural steps in becoming literate
Cross-linguistic differences in learning to read
Individual differences in how education shapes the brain