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George Velis Period 3 Nervous System - Coggle Diagram
George Velis Period 3 Nervous System
Drugs of abuse
Methamphetamine:
drug interferes with dopamine neurotransmitters; meth forces dopamine out, cell is then overstimulated by constant dopamine binding. Affects the persons mood/actions as it leads to intense pleasure and exhilaration.
Alcohol:
Interferes with GABA inhibitory neurotransmitters & Glutamate neurotransmitters; alcohol enters the brain leaving double sedative punch. Makes GABA inhibitory, binding Glutamate, preventing cell exiting. Affects persons mood/actions, as it is involved in brain decision making, memory, and impulse control.
Marijuana:
Interferes with inhibitory and dopamine neurotransmitters; mimics and binds to abinoid receptors, turning off dopamine, squirting into synapse. Drug is responsible for slowing down; makes person feel Cal and relaxed, doesn't produce natural "high" effect.
Ecstasy:
drug interferes with serotonin neurotransmitters; mimics the serotonin, altering the transporters making the serotonin go outwards instead of in. Trapped serotonin causes cell over stimulation leaving someone to be moody, sleepy, and have a low appetite.
LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide):
interferes with serotonin neurotransmitters; can exile or exhibit neurotransmitters, due to complex sensory effects. Drug affects persons mood/action as responsible for awareness, leaving them startled and acting unexpectedly.
Heroine
: interferes with inhibitory & dopamine neurotransmitters; mimics natural opiates, binding to opiate receptors. It produces a feeling of being well and sedated as it affects a persons mood/action; can be used as natural painkillers.
Cocaine:
Interferes with Dopamine neurotransmitters; blocks dopamine transporters, resulting in cell over stimulation due to constant dopamine binding. Persons mood/actions is effected as the drug is on the reward pattern and voluntary control, making the person fidgety and unable to stay still.
Action potential & the Nerve Impulse
Electrical signal that travels along neurons.
Begins when a neuron reaches threshold, sodium rushes in (depolarization), then potassium moves out (repolarization).
Myelin speeds conduction by allowing the impulse to jump at nodes.
Signals convert to chemical messages at synapses using neurotransmitters.
Major functions of the nervous system
Sensory Input
: Receptors detect changes inside or outside the body, such as temperature, touch, and light.
Motor Output:
Responds to decisions by sending signals to muscles or glands to act.
Homeostasis Regulation
: Adjusts body systems automatically (temperature, breathing, heart rate).
Integration
: The brain and spinal cord process, interpret, and decide what to do with the sensory information.
Mental Activity:
Responsible for thinking, emotions, memory, and decision-making.
Classification of neurons
Sensory Neurons (Afferent)
: Carry signals from receptors toward CNS. Responsible for detecting light, sound, touch, pain, and internal conditions.
Motor Neurons (Efferent)
: Carry instructions from CNS to muscles or glands, causing movement or secretion.
Interneurons:
Connect sensory and motor neurons inside the CNS; important for processing and reflexes.
Structural Types
Multipolar
: most common, many extensions.
Bipolar
: found in retina and nose.
Unipolar
: mostly sensory neurons in PNS.
Disorders/Diseases
Disorders
Autism
: Brain disorder that makes communication difficult. Disease can be caused by family history as it is hereditary. Symptoms can seen as anxiety, depression, and unusual routines and attachments. It is uncurable
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
: Occurs when blood flows to a halted brain portion; cause is hereditary or from diabetes, ect. Symptoms include severe headache and change in alertness; can be treated by hospitalization, surgery.
Spinal Cord Injury
: Damage to the spinal cord; caused by direct inury or disease. fluids builds up around spinal cord. Symptoms include weakness, paralysis; treated by spiral traction or surgery.
Diseases
Multiple Sclerosis
: Autoimmune disease that damages myelin sheaths. Can be hereditary, or from environmental factors and family history.
Meningitis:
Meninges infection surrounding the brain; caused by bacteria/viral infection. Nausea & vomiting can be a symptom; treated by antibiotics.
Alzheimer Disease:
Form of dementia associated with age; cause is hereditary. Memory loss & confusion are symptoms; disease is incurable, can be helped with medicine.
Reflex Arc
Automatic pathway controlling quick reactions.
Includes a receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector. Protects the body by producing very fast, involuntary responses (like pulling hand from heat).
Spinal Nerves
31 pairs connecting spinal cord to body regions.
Carry mixed sensory and motor information.
Grouped into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves.
Tissues
Neuroglia (Glial Cells)
Support, protect, and insulate neurons. Includes astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, and ependymal cells.
Neurons
Main signaling cells; transmit electrical impulses.
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
Acts as the main communication pathway between the brain and the body; Controls reflexes.
White matter:
carries ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) signals.
Gray matter:
processes information and coordinates reflex responses.
Major parts and functions of the brain
Cerebrum
: Controls thinking, reasoning, memory, language, and voluntary movement.
Cerebellum
: Coordinates balance, posture, and fine muscle activity.
Brainstem (Midbrain, Pons, Medulla):
Maintains vital functions such as breathing, heartbeat, swallowing, and sleep cycles.
Diencephalon (Thalamus & Hypothalamus)
: Thalamus relays sensory signals; hypothalamus controls homeostasis, hunger, hormones, and temperature.
Cranial Nerves
12 pairs leaving the brain.
Control facial expression, senses (vision, smell, taste), swallowing, heart rate, and more. They can be sensory, motor, or mixed.
Connective Tissue Coverings
Around Nerves
Endoneurium
: wraps each axon.
Perineurium
: wraps bundles (fascicles).
Epineurium
: outermost covering around entire nerve.
Around CNS (Meninges)
Dura mater
: tough outer layer.
Arachnoid mater:
middle layer, contains CSF.
Pia mater:
delicate inner layer on brain/spinal cord surface
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system (PNS & CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS):
Brain and spinal cord:
interprets information and issues commands. Controls memory, thoughts, movement, coordination, and reflexes.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nerves branching from the brain and spine.
Sensory division:
brings info to CNS.
Motor division:
sends commands from CNS to effectors.
Includes the somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) systems.
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Division (“Fight or Flight”)
Speeds up heart rate, increases breathing, dilates pupils; prepares the body for emergencies.
Parasympathetic Division (“Rest and Digest”)
Slows the heart, increases digestion, calms the body to conserve energy.
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
: used for muscle activation and attention.
Dopamine
: controls pleasure, reward, and movement.
Serotonin
: affects mood, sleep, and appetite.
Norepinephrine
: increases alertness and arousal.
GABA
: major inhibitory transmitter that calms neurons.
Glutamate
: major excitatory transmitter important for learning and memory.