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SENTENCES, First Conditional (Type 1), Second Conditional (Type 2), Third…

- - - - typically precedes and most related to the main verb
        
        determines concord (S-V agreement)
        
        refer to sth about which a statement is made in the rest of the sentence
  - - - Def: the main part of the sentence, expresses: state, occurrence, or action
      - Form
        
        Finite verb
        
        a form of a verb that is related to the subject in
        
        Number
        
        Plural
        
        Singular
        
        Tense
        
        Person
        
        1st: I / we / us
        
        2st: you
        
        3st: he / she / it
        
        Non-finite verb
        
        not marked for tense, person, or number and cannot function as the main verb of a sentence.
        
        form of verb
        
        -ing
        
        He is playing video game
        
        He loves playing video game
        
        PP
        
        Someone has returned my keys.
        
        I had my keys returned.
        
        infinitive
        
        bare infinitive
        
        1 more item...
        
        to infinitive
        
        1 more item...
      - Transitive
        
        goes with objects
        
        Action that affects the object
        
        He kicked a small stone.
        
        feeling/experience caused by the object
        
        We detest poachers.
      - Intransitive
        
        goes with no objects
        
        describe: simple events, actions, and sounds
        
        The leaves fall onto the ground.
        
        They laughed at him.
        
        exception: go with and without objects
        
        Intransitive:
        The car didn’t move.
        
        Transitive:
        He moved the chair.
      - Linking verb
        
        def: a verb that links the subject to information about the subject.
        
        Subject compliment (SC)
        
        one linked to a subject by be or a linking verb
        
        She is a doctor.
        
        Object compliment (OC)
        
        one linked to an object
        
        We made her the chairperson.
    - - conjuncts
        (might need a comma to seperate)
        
        express connecting ideas
        
        In conclusion, it is important to drive carefully.
        He studied hard so he passed the exam.
      - adjuncts
        
        part of sentence’s basic structure
        
        modifying verb
        
        She works very hard
        He is driving carelessly
        
        expressing time, place, manner
        
        The annual festival is held at the town’s main stadium
      - disjuncts
        (might need a comma to seperate)
        
        not part of sentence’s basic structure
        
        expressing attitude and evaluating
        
        Unfortunately, her father could not make it in time
        
        The dog cried sadly when its owner left.
      - words that function as adverb
- - - - only 1 Vf
        
        The sun sets beautifully over the ocean.
  - - - 1) semi colon "The weather was perfect for hiking; the sky was clear, and the temperature was mild."
        2) colon "She had only one goal for the trip: to see the Northern Lights."
        3) coordinating, conjuction "I went to the store, and I bought some milk."
        4) conjuct "The presentation was too long; consequently, the audience lost interest."
        5) correlative, conjuction "Not only did he miss the bus, but he also forgot his wallet."
  - - - Nominal clause
        
        I don't know what the answer to this riddle is.
      - adjective clause
        
        The student whose essay won the prize is very talented.
      - adverbial clause
        
        lthough she trained every day, she did not win the competition.
- - - - Independent Clause
        
        I washed my dog yesterday.
      - Dependent Clause
        
        I washed my dog yesterday
        because he smelt awful.
        
        Adverbial Clause
        
        time (when?): I'll make dinner when I've finished watching the movie.
        
        place (where?): Put the plants next to the wall.
        
        manner (how?): He's acting like he does want a treat.
        
        Relative Clause
        
        Defining:
        
        The book that I bought is interesting.
        
        Non-defining
        
        My book, which I bought yesterday, is interesting.
        
        Noun clause
        
        As Subject
        
        Whoever made this cake is a real artist.
        
        As Objects
        
        He cannot understand why she's constantly carping at him.
        
        As Compliments
        
        The uncertainty is whether he will attend or not.
- - - - S + Vf
        
        Affirmative
        
        She is a cheerful girl.
        
        Negative
        
        I do not like this car.
    - - V + S ?
        
        Yes/no
        
        Do you like this pencil.
        
        Wh-
        
        Who is that?
    - - Vf/bare inf
        
        Watch out! There is a hole over there.
    - - How…!
        What…!
        
        How interesting!
        What a lovely house you have!
- - - - Example: Never have I seen such a view.
- - - - Articles
        
        Indefinite Articles
        
        A
        
        a cat, a book
        
        An
        
        an egg, an hour
        
        Definite Article
        
        The
        
        the sun, the Pacific Ocean
      - Nouns
        
        Singular Nouns
        
        an apple, the child
        
        Plural Nouns
        
        buses, cities, mice
      - Pronouns
        
        Personal
        
        I, me, they
        
        Possessive
        
        mine, yours
        
        Reflexive
        
        myself, themselves
        
        Reciprocal
        
        each other
        
        Indefinite
        
        someone, many
        
        Demonstrative
        
        this, those
      - Adjectives
        
        Attributive and Predicate
        
        Oder of Attributive adj: OSQASCPOMTP
        
        Gradable and Non-gradable
      - Verbs
        
        Meaning
        
        Action
        
        State
        
        Structure
        
        trans + O
        
        intrans
        
        linking (be)
      - Adverbs
        
        Adverbs of manner
        
        beautifully, carefully
        
        Adverbs of place
        
        everywhere, here
        
        Adverbs of time
        
        soon, later
        
        Adverbs of frequency
        
        always, usually
        
        Adverbs of degree
        
        quite, too
        
        Sentence adverbs
        
        unfortunately, surprisingly
        
        Focus adverbs
        
        only
      - Conjuntions
        
        Coordinating
        
        Subordinating
        
        Correlative
        
        Conjunctive adverbs
      - Prepositions
        
        in the middle