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Audrey Flores Period 3 Nervous System - Coggle Diagram
Audrey Flores Period 3 Nervous System
1.) Major Functions of The Nervous System
The nervous system is the master in controlling and communicating the system of the body
Integration: Processing and interpretation of sensory Input occurring in the CNS
Motor Output: Activation of effector organsto produce a response
Sensory Input: Info gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes
13.) Reflex arc (major parts &functions)
Automatic (Visceral) Reflex Arc
1.) Receptor in viscera, 2.) Visceral sensory neuron, 3.) Integration center (may be preganglionic neuron, may be dorsal horn interneuron, may be within walls of gastrointestinal tract), 4.) Motor neuron (preganglionic neuron, postganglionic neurons)
1.) Receptor:site of stimulus action, 2.) Sensory neuron: transmits afferent inpulses to the CNS, 3.) Integration center: either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS, 4.) Motor neuron: conducts efferent impulses from integration center to effector organ, 5.) Effector: muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
4.) Classification of neurons
1.) Multipolar: three or more processes (1 axon, other dendrites), most common and major neuron type in CNS
2.) Bipolar: two processes (1 axon, 1 dendrite), rare (ex. retina and olfactory mucosa)
3.) Unipolar: one T-like process (2 axons), also called psuedounipolar
1.) Sensory: transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS, almost all unipolar, cell bodies are located in ganglia in PNS
2.) Motor: carry impulse from CNS to effectors, multipolar, most cell bodies located in CNS except some automatic neurons
3.) Interneurons: also called association neurons, lie between motor and sensory neurons, shuttle signals through CNS, most entirely within CNS, 99% of body's neurons are internuerons
9.) Cranial Nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves associated with the brain.
vl. Abducens nerves
Primarily a motor innervating lateral rectus muscle. (move side to side)
vll. Facial nerves
Motor functions include facial expressions, parasympathetic impulses to the lacrimal and salivary glands, sensory function (taste) from anterior two-thirds of tongue,
v. Trigeminal nerve
Largest cranial nerve, convey sensory impulses from various areas of face, supply motor fibers for mastication (chewing)
vlll. Vestibulochochlear nerves
It is known as the (hearing) nerve, mostly sensory function but a small motor component for adjustment of sensitivity of receptors
lv. Trochlear nerves
primary motor nerve that directs the eyeballs
lx. Glossopharyngeal nerves
Motor functions: innervate part of the tongue and pharynx for swallowing and provide parasympathetic fibers to parotid salivary glands, Sensory nerves: fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses from pharynx and posterior tongue and impulses from cartoid chemoreceptors and baroreceptors
lll. Occulomotor nerves
Fibers extend from ventral midbrain through superior orbital fissures to four of six extrinsic eye muscles, function to raise eyelids, direct eyeball, constrict iris, and controlling lens shape
x. Vagus nerves
Only cranial nerves that extend beyond head and neck region, most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers that help regulate activities of heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera
ll. Optic nerve
Arise from retinas, pass through optic canals, it is purely sensory (visual)
xl. Acessory nerves
Formerly spinal accessory nerves, they exit skull via jugular foramina to innervate trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
l: Olfactory nerves
Sensory nerves of smell, fibers synapse in olfactory bulbs, pathway terminates in primary olfactory cortex , purely sensory (olfactory) function
xll. Hypoglossal nerves
Innervate extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue that contribute to swallowing and speech
14.) Disorders/Diseases
Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke): occurs when blood flow to portion of brain is halted
The symptoms sever headaches, muscle weakness/numbness, and confusion/memory loss.
The treatment options are surgery to open clogged vessels, stroke rehabilitation, and blood thinners.
The risk factors/causes are diabetes, high cholesterol, and increasing age.
Spinal cord injury: damage to the spinal cord
The symptoms of weakness, spastic muscles, and paralysis.
The treatment options are bed rest, surgery, and physical therapy.
The risk factors/ causes assault, direct injury, weakened vertebral column.
Autism: Brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate
The symptoms are anxiety, depression, and delay in learning.
The treatment options are medication, coping skills, and anxiety management.
The risk factors/causes are family history, hereditary, and mostly in males.
Meningitis: infection in the meninges surrounding the brain
The risk factors/ causes is drug allergies, tumors, chemical irritations.
The symptoms are nausea and vomiting, fever and chills, and stiff neck.
The treatment options are antibiotics, medication, and hospitalization.
Alzheimer's Disease: A from of dementia associated with age
The symptoms are memory loss, unfounded suspions, and confusion and disorientation.
The treatment options are it is incurable, medication, and stem cells.
The cause/risk factors are that it is hereditary, family history, and past head trauma
Multiple Sclerosis: Autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheath
The symptoms are vision and hearing loss, depression and dizziness,and incontinence and frequent urination.
The treatment options are assistive devices, healthy lifestyle choices, and it has no cure.
The cause/risk factors are that they are hereditary, family history, and environmental factors.
3.) Tissues (structure & function of neurons and neuroglia)
Neurons AKA Nerve cells: Structural units of the nervous system. They are excitable cells that transmit electrical signals.
Cell Body AKA Soma (primarily CNS clusters-nuclei/PNS clusters-ganglia): The biosynthetic center synthesizes proteins, membranes, and chemicals in the receptive region.
Schwann cells AKA Neurolemmocytes (located in the PNS): It surrounds the peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths. It is vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers.
Dendrites (extensions from the cell body): It is short, branched, receptive regions that convey incoming messages toward the cell body.
Oligodendrocytes (located in the CNS): It is branched cells whose processes wrap CNS nerve fibers forming insulated myelin sheaths.
Axon (extensions from the cell body): It is the conducting region that generates and transmits nerve impulses along the axolemma to the axon terminal.
Ependymal Cells (located in the CNS): It lines the central cavities of the brain and spinal column form a permeable barrier and their cilia circulate CSF.
Microglial cells (located in the CNS): It is the ovoid cell that migrates towards injured neurons so it can transform to phagocyte waste and microorganisms.
Astrocytes (located in the CNS): It is the most abundant glial cells. it supports, guides young neurons, controls chemical environment around neurons, and participate in info processing in the brain.
Myelin Sheath (wraps thicker nerve fibers): It is a whitish, protein-lipid substance that protects and electrically insulates the axon and increases the speed of impulse transmission.
Neuroglia (glial cells): They are small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons.
2.) Major Divisions and Subdivisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System: It processes information and makes decisions, It is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System: Connects the CNS to the rest of the body to have communication between the whole body, Consists of all the nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Motor (efferent) division: Transmits signals from the CNS to the muscles and glands causing them to act
Automatic Nervous System: Regulates involunatary functions such as as breathing and heart rate (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands)
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Rest-and-digest system, calms down the body and conserves energy
Sympathetic Nervous System: Fight-or-flight response
Somatic Nervous System: Controls the voluntary movements (skeletal muscle)
Sensory (afferent) division: It carries info towards the CNS from sensory receptors in the body to the brain and spinal cord.
6.) Major parts and functions of the brain
2.) Diencephalon
Epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
3.) Brain Stem
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
1.) Cerberal hemisphere
Accounted for 83% of brain, forms superior part of brain, surface marking: Gyri (ridges), sulci (shawllow grooves), Fissure (deep grooves), Several sulci: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula
Sensory areas: primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory
association cortex, visual areas, auditory areas, vestibular cortex,olfactory cortex, gustatory cortex, and visceral sensory area
Motor areas: primary (somatic) motor cortex, premotor cortex, Broca's area,
4.) Cerebellum
11.) Neurotransmitters
ANS neurotransmitters
Major neurotransmitters are ACh and norepiniphrine.
The ACh is released by cholinergic fibers at all ANS preganglionic and all parasympathetic postganglionic axons.
2 types of cholinergic receptors that ind the ACh being the nicotine receptors and muscarinic receptors.
The NE is released by adrenergic fibers at almost all sympathetic postganglionic axons except those at sweat gland which release ACh.
The adrenegic fibers have 2 major classes that respond to NE.epinephrine being Alpha receptors and Beta receptors.
8.) Action Potential and the nerve impulse
Neuromuscular junction: is when ACh binds to the receptor resulting in movement of NA and K across the membrane, depolarization of the muscle cell, an end plate potential spreads to adjacent areas in the sarcolemma which triggers opening of voltage gated Na voltage gated channels.
This results in an action potential which leads to muscle contraction.
1.) Resting state: All gated Na and K channels are closed, 2.) Depolarization: Na channels open, 3.) Repolarization: Na channels are inactivating and K channels open, 4.) Hypolarization: Some K channels remain open and Na channels reset
10.) Spinal Nerves
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. All are mixed nerves named from point of issue in the spine.
Supply all parts of the body except the head and part of the neck.
8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, 5 pairs of sacral nerves, and 1 pair of tiny coccygeal nerves.
Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord via 2 roots.
Ventral root: contains the motor (efferent) fibers from the ventral horn motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles.
Dorsal root: contains sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia that conduct impulses from peripheral receptors.
The dermatomes are areas of the skin innervated by cutaneous branches of single spinal nerves.
12.) Compare & contrast the autonomic nervous system AKA involuntary nervous system and general visceral motor system
Consists of motor neurons that innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. It makes adjustments to ensure most support for body activities like shunting blood, adjusting heart rate, blood pressure, and digestive process.
Parasympathetic division: promotes maintenance functions, conserves energy
Keeps body energy use as low as possible even while carrying out maintenance activities (digestive, diuresis, defecation), referred to as the rest and digest system.
It is also called the craniosacral division because fibers originate in brain stem and sacral regions or cords. Long preganglionic fibers extend from CNS almost to target organs.
Sympathetic division: mobilizes body during activity
Mobilizes body during activity, refereed to as flight or fight system, rigorous physical activity
Is more complex and innervates more organs than parasympathetic. Sympathetic is also called the thoracolumbar division
15.) Drugs of abuse (mouse party)
Methamphetamine
It interferes with the synaptic cleft and the dopamine transporters.
It affects it because dopamine transporters are responsible for removing dopamine from synaptic cleft. Meth mimics dopamine and is all taken by dopamine transporters.
It affects a persons mood by making them addicted to it and can cause hallucinations.
Alcohol
It interferes with GABA inhibitory neurotransmitter and GABA receptors. Also glutamate receptors and glutamate neurotransmitter.
Makes GABA receptors more inhibitory, prevents glutamate from exciting cell
Affects memory formation, decision making, inputs contol
Marijuana
It affects inhibitory neurotransmitter, dopamine neurotransmitter, cannabinoid receptor, and dopamine receptor.
When activated by body's cannaboid receptors turn off release of inhibitory neurotransmitters which makes dopamine be released. The THC in marijuana mimics amandimide and binds to cannaboi. Inhibition turned off and dopamine allowed to synapse.
It removes short term memory and is responsible for slowing down movement making people feel relaxed.
Cocaine
Interferes with dopamine neurotransmitters/transport
Blocks dopamine transporters, makes dopamine bind again and again to receptor, overstimulates cell
In brain reward pathway, fidgety, unable to be still
Ecstasy
It affects serotonin receptors, serotonin neurotransmitters, and serotonin transporters.
Ecstasy mimics serotonin and is taken up by serotonin transporters. Ecstasy alters transporter. Transporter does it's job in reverse. Gets stuck in synaptic cleft and keeps binding overstimulating the cell.
Affects people's mood, sleep, perception, and appetite. It is also slightly addictive.
LSD
May inhibit or excite receptors
It may go to different sensory areas part of the brain, feelings or wakefulness, evokes startle response
Interferes with serotonin receptors/neurotransmitters
Heroine
It interfers with the inhibitory neurotransmitter, dopamine neurotransmitter, opiate receptor, and the dopamine receptor
The neurotransmitters inhibit dopamine from being released. The release of inhibitory neurotransmitters is shut down and without inhibition dopamine can be released. The Heroine mimics opiates and binds which makes body feel well.
It makes the body feel as if it has no pain which is why used as painkiller.
5.) Connective Tissue Coverings
Meninges: The connective tissue protecting the brain
Arachnoid Mater: The middle that is web like and is located under the dura mater.
Pia Mater: The innermost and thinnest layer of the meninges, it is tightly covering the brain supplying it with blood vessels.
Dura Mater: The tough outermost layer that protects the brain and spinal cord.
Endoneurium: loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths (schwann cells)
Perineurium: Coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles
Epineurium: tough fibrous sheath around the fascicles to form the nerve
7.) Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
Denticulate Ligaments: cervical and lumbar enlargements areas where nerves servicing upper and lower limbs arise from spinal cord, extensions of pia mater that secure card to dura mater
Spinal nerves: part of PNS, attach spinal cord by 31 roots, spinal cord segment is designated by paired spinal nerves that arise from
Filum Terminale: extends in coccyx, anchors spinal cord, fibrous extension of conus covered with pia mater
Cauda Equina: collection of nerve roots at inferior end of vertebral canal
Epidural Space: Cushion of fat and network of veins in space between vertebrae and spinal dura mater, spinal cord terminates in cone-shape structure called conus medullaris