Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Core Principles of Ecology and Genetics - Coggle Diagram
Core Principles of Ecology and Genetics
Heredity and Mendelian Genetics
Genetic Variation Factors
Diploid Individuals
Homologous Chromosomes
Crossing Over
Prophase I
Independent Assortment
Metaphase I & II
Sexual Reproduction
Promotes Heterozygosity
Mendel's Three Principles
Dominance
No guarantee an allele will manifest
Segregation
Alleles separate during meiosis
Independent Assortment
Unrelated gene pairs (homologues) segregate independently
Extensions to Mendel
Incomplete dominance
Intermediate Phenotype
Polygenic Inheritance
Multiple genes affect one trait
Epistasis
one gene interacts with and masks another
Pleiotropy
a single gene has multiple effects
Multiple Alleles
Linkage
Recombinants less abundant
Mutations
Point Mutation
Chromosome Mutations
Deletion
Inversion
Translocation
Tansposons
Polyploidy
2 copies of chromosome
Autopolyploidy
Failed meiosis (self-fertilization)
Allopolyploidy
meiotic error (mismatch during mating)
Masks deleterious alleles
Evolutionary Advantage
Population Genetics and Evolution
Gene Pool and Frequencies
Gene Pool definition
All alleles in a population
Allelic Frequency
p + q = 1
Genotypic Frequency
Hardy-Weinberg Equation
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Predicts Unchanging Frequencies
Assumptions
No mutation
No genetic drift
no migration
no natural selection
Random matiing
Microevolution (Violations of HW)
Mutation
Source of new alleles
Genetic Drift
Random loss
bottleneck effect
Migration / Gene Flow
Sexual Selection
Patterns of Selection
Natural Selection
Differential Survival
Artificial Selection
Directional Selection
Stabilizing Selection
Disruptive Selection
Community Ecology
Population Growth Models
Exponential Growth
Unlimited Resources
dN/dt = rN
Logistic Growth
self regulated at carrying capacity (K)
overshooting K results in die-off
dN/dt = rN (1-(N/K))
Parameters
r
intrinsic growth rate
N
population size
Life History Strategies
r-selected species
exponential growth
disturbed areas
annuals
K-selected species
Stable Habitats
Perennials
Invest in Defenses
Life History Analysis
Age distribution
x = age
Nx = # ind. alive at age x
Sx = proportion ind. survive to age x+1 = Nx+1 / Nx
lx = proportion of ind. who survive from birth to age x = Nx / N0
Fx = Fecundity = avg. # offspring born to female while age x
lx(Fx) = individual fecundity = avg. # offspring per capita at age x
lx(Fx)x = avg. # offspring at age x, weighted by age x
R0 = net reproductive rate = sum everything in the lx(Fx)
if R0>1, then population increases
if R0<1, population decreases
if R0=1, population does not change
G = mean generation time
take sum of age-weighted fecundity [lx(Fx)x]
Then
divide by R0, the net reproductive rate
represents avg. time between two consecutive generations in the lineage of a cohort
r = intrinsic growth rate
r =
ln
R0 / G
if r>0, then pop. increases
if r<0, pop. decreases
if r=0, pop. does not change
Survivorship Curves
Type I = K-selected
Type II = r-selected
Species Interactions
Community definition
A group of actually or potentially interacting species living in the same location
Biotic interaction Types
Facilitation / Mutualism = +/+
Commensalism = 0/+
Amensalism = 0/-
Predation / Herbivory / Parasitism = +/-
Competition = -/-
Neutralism = 0/0
Predator-Prey Models
Predator-Prey Cycling
Lotka-Volterra Equations
Predator = dP/dt = faNP - qP
Prey = dN/dt = rN - aNP
:)
