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Chapter 11 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 11
Soil and Plants
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Plants require water
water: contains H-bonds responsible for unique properties
-Adhesion vs. Cohesion
-Surface tension
-Many other unique properties
Soil fertility --> needed adequate plant growth
- need proper amount of nutrients
Macronutrients: C, H, O, (air and water) Ca, Mg, N, P, K, S (soils)
Micronutrients: Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, B, CL, Mo
Nutrient Additions
-nutrient rich parent material
-organic matter content --> can hold nutrients
-inorganic fertilizers
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Nutrient holding
-clays and OM have negative charge
-holds nutrients that are positively charged
-prevents leaching
Mineralization: converting organic nutrients to organic forms
How do we obtain plant and crop growth?
- need an adequate supply of nutrients and CEC
- adequate water holding
- aeration (loamy textures are best)
- Near neutral pH (may need to lime)
- low salt content (phytotoxic)
- good support
Soil humus importance
- soil warming
- good soil structure
- good porosity for aeration and water holding
- supplies + holds nutrients
- energy sources
- pH buffering
- sequesters contaminants
Soil degradation
- agriculture
- construction
- industry/ mining
Widespread issue - soil erosion
-one of the most destructive occurrences throughout world
-destroys civilizations
-lead to the dust bowl of 1930s
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Soil issues
-Erosion
-Contamination
-Salinization
-Decreased fertility
-low organic matter
-poor drainage
-acidification/alkalinization
-compaction
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Soil color
Oxisols
-Deep red- from oxidized iron (Fe3+)
Very weathered due to high rainfall
Found in more tropical regions
Ultisols
-very weathered deciduous forest soil -- very defined, clayey horizons with orange-red hues
Formed from sandy marine deposits in NJ
NJ state soil series, Downer, is an Ultisol
Histosols
-Dark brown from soil organic matter (SOM)
-Thick, dark brown/black layers or built-up peat
-Can be up to 20% SOM
-Very-wet most always found in wetlands
-Found in NJ
Inceptisols
More of a catch all category
-Gray (gleying) indicates waterlogged conditions in a wetland if close to surface
-Natural color of soil without pigments
-Found in NJ
Spodosols
-Common soil of the NJ Pinelands
-Highly leached due to sandy texture and acidity from pine tree needles
-Color: due to leaching (gray) and accumulation (brown from humus and orange from iron and aluminum oxides)
Soil
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Soils: unconsolidated cover of earth, made up of mineral and organic components, water, and air; capable of supporting plant growth
Functions
- Medium for plant growth
- Engineering medium
- Organism habitat
- Recycles nutrients and water
- Water purification
- Modifier of atmosphere
Soil forming factors
- climate
- biota
- parent material
- topography
- time
Climate
-Most influential
-Determines intensity and types of weathering that occurs
-Two main climatic variables:
- Precipitation
- Temperature
BiotaSoil organisms --> Flora (plants) and Fauna (animals)
- A number of functions
Help form soil organic matter (SOM)
Cycle nutrientsFacilitate weathering of rocks/mineralsEnhance infiltrationMix soil- Bioturbation
Parent MaterialParent Material: transport and breaks down to form soil
1.Organic- derived from plants
- Geologic- rocks/ minerals
Weathering
Types of rocks
-Igneous
-Sedimentary
-Metamorphic
Rocks made up of minerals: Chemical weathering decomposition of primary into secondary minerals
-Physical weathering: disintegration of rock into smaller particles
Time-Soil form over long periods of time --> primary minerals weathering to secondary and become physically smaller-can take 100s to 1000s of years to form
- young vs old soils differ in appearance
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