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Temperature & Thermal Physics - Coggle Diagram
Temperature & Thermal Physics
Temperature
Measure of how hot or cold something is
Related to the average kinetic energy of particles
Thermal Energy
Total internal energy of an object due to particle motion
Depends on mass, temperature, and type of material
Heat
Transfer of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler one
Flows until thermal equilibrium is reached
Quantity of Heat
Amount of heat required to change an object’s temperature
Measured in joules (J) or calories
Specific Heat Capacity
Amount of heat needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1°C
Equation: Q = mcΔT
Thermal Expansion
Materials expand when heated and contract when cooled
Happens in solids, liquids, and gases
Expansion of Water
Water expands when cooled from 4°C to 0°C
Why ice floats (less dense than liquid water)
The Laws of Thermodynamics
1st Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (ΔU = Q − W)
2nd Law: Heat flows naturally from hot → cold; entropy increases
3rd Law: As temperature approaches absolute zero, entropy approaches zero
Entropy
Measure of disorder or randomness in a system
Always increases in natural processes