Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Chapter 16, RenderedImage, RenderedImage - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Mutations
  - - - Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA
- - - - Helicases
        
        Single-strand binding proteins
        
        Topoisomerase
        
        relieves the strain of twisting of
        the double helix by breaking, swiveling, and
        rejoining DNA strands
        
        bind to and
        stabilize single-stranded DNA
        
        are enzymes that untwist the double
        helix at the replication forks
        
        unzips DNA
      - At the end of each replication bubble
        
        Y-shaped region where parental
        DNA strands are being unwound
        
        Enzymes called DNA polymerases catalyze the
        synthesis of new DNA at a replication fork
        
        DNA polymerases add nucleotides only to the free
        3′ end of a growing strand; therefore, a new DNA
        strand can elongate only in the 5′ → 3′ direction
        
        Along one template strand of DNA, the DNA
        polymerase synthesizes a leading strand
        continuously, moving toward the replication fork
        
        The lagging strand is synthesized as a series of
        segments called Okazaki fragments
        
        Okazaki Fragments-
        joined together by DNA ligase
        
        To elongate the other new strand, called the
        lagging strand, DNA polymerase must work in the
        direction away from the replication fork
      - The initial nucleotide chain is a short RNA primer
        
        This is synthesized by the enzyme primase
        
        The completed primer is five to ten nucleotides long
        
        The new DNA strand will start from the 3′ end of
        the RNA primer
  - - - dATP
        
        supplies adenine to DNA and is similar to the
        ATP of energy metabolism
        
        difference is in their sugars: dATP has
        deoxyribose while ATP has ribose
        
        loses two phosphate groups
        as a molecule of pyrophosphate
- - - - AUGC
    - - A+G
      - pyrimidines
        
        T, C, +U