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Populations, K-selected populations - Coggle Diagram

- - - - each chromosome has homologous pair
        
        different version of genes (alleles) influences a plant's traits (phenotype)
    - - metaphase 1
        
        homologous chromosomes align at the metaphase plate randomly
        
        2^46
    - - prophase 1
        
        homologous chromosomes pair up so tightly they exchange segments of DNA
    - - heterozygosity
        
        plant has two different alleles for a specific gene at a particular locus of chromosome
        
        increases adaptability and resilience
      - cross-pollination
        
        b/n different plants in populations
      - self-pollination
        
        within a single plant
  - - - unique genotype
        
        made up of alleles
        
        phenotype determined by alleles
      - no guarantee allele will manifest
        
        heterozygosity
        
        only dominant will show
        
        one allele is recessive
        
        homozygosity
        
        both alleles the same
    - - alleles are separated during meiosis
        
        each gamete will only contain one allele for a gene
        
        one from each parent
        
        inherit a homologous chromosome
        
        equal chance to be dist. to a gamete
      - monohybrid cross
        
        visual representation
    - - gene pairs that are not related separate independently
      - dihybrid cross
  - - - phenotype is intermediate between dominant phenotype and recessive phenotype
    - - more than two alleles per locus
        
        complex
    - - point mutation
        
        single nucleotide change
      - chromosome mutation
        
        deletion
        
        segments of chromosome are lost
        
        duplication
        
        part of chromosome has doubled
        
        inversion
        
        segment flipped 180
        
        translocation
        
        segments switched along chromosome
        
        transporons
        
        jumping gene
    - - failure to mix alleles
        
        only two gamete possibilities
      - chromosome inherited same as parent
      - linkage
    - - multiple genes for one character
        
        phenotype is cumulative of gene influence
        
        aba acid
    - - genes interact with each other
        
        may interfere or mask
  - - - autopolyploid
        
        failed meiosis
        
        self fertilization
      - allopolyploid
        
        meiotic error
        
        mismatch during mating
        
        second mating creates match pairs
- - - - population=N
      - exponential growth
        
        unlimited resources
      - logistic growth
        
        self-regulate
        
        carrying capacity
    - - overshoots K
        
        dies off
    - - r=intrinsic growth rate
      - dN/dt= population change over time
      - :
    - - R-Selected Populations
        
        Grow exponentially
        
        Disturbed areas
        
        Weedy
        
        Annuals
        
        Little investment in defense
        
        Many, small fruits
      - K selected
    - - Plants must make trade-offs due to environmental necessities
      - Grime's model
        
        Stress
        
        Resource availability
        
        Water
        
        Nutrients
        
        Light
        
        Growth inhibitors
        
        Temperature
        
        Toxins
        
        Disturbance
        
        Biotic
        
        Herbivory
        
        Pathogens
        
        Anthropogenic
        
        Abiotic
        
        Fire
        
        Wind
        
        3 life stages
        
        C- competitors
        
        S- stress tolerators
        
        R- ruderals
  - - - x = age
      - Nx\= number of individuals alive at age x
      - Sx\= proportion of individuals of age x that survive to age x+1;
        
        Nx+1/Nx
      - lx\= proportion of individuals that survive from birth (age 0) to age x;
        
        Nx/N0
      - Fx\= average number of offspring born to a female while she is age x
      - lx(Fx) = average number of offspring per capita at age x
      - lx(Fx)x = average number of offspring per capita at time x, weighted by age x
  - - - a group of actually or potentially interacting species living in the same location.
      - bound together by a shared environment and a network of influence each species has on the other.
      - factors affecting interactions include
        
        abiotic environment
        
        biotic interactions that occur between species
    - - Range of interactions
      - Beneficial interactions +
      - Negative interaction -
      - Facilitation (+/+)
        
        Benefits both
        
        Mutualism
        
        Pollination
      - Commensalism (0/+)
        
        Benefits one, neutral to the other
      - Amensalism (0/-)
        
        Negative to one & neutral to other
      - Competition (-/-)
        
        Both are negatively impacted
        
        Competition for resources
      - Predation (+/-)
        
        Herbivory
        
        Parasitism
    - - Predator
        
        P
        
        Negative impact on prey
        
        Positively impacted by prey
      - Prey
        
        N
        
        Positive impact on predator
        
        Negatively impacted by predator
      - Population sizes are influenced by each other
    - - r = intrinsic growth rate
      - N = population size
      - K = carrying capacity
      - dN/dt = population change over time
      - Exponential growth
      - Logistic growth
      - Can similar model predator-prey growth and the impact each has on the other
  - - - dN/dt=rate of change with time of the prey population
      - r=intrinsic rate of increase for prey
      - N=number of prey individuals
      - a=predator’s per capita attack rate
        
        Number of prey eaten per predator per unit time
      - P= number of predator individuals
    - - dP/dt= rate of change with time of predator population
      - f=constant, indicating predator’s efficiency at converting the prey it has eaten into new predators
      - q=predator’s per capita mortality rate
- - - - p^2+2pq+q^2=1
      - p+q=1
      - genotype frequency
        
        # of individuals with a particular genotype in the population
        
        q^2= relative frequency of homozygous recessive individuals in the population
        
        p^2= relative frequency of homozygous dominant individuals in the population
        
        allele frequency
        
        # of allele copies in the population
        
        q= relative frequency of the recessive allele in the population
        
        p=relative frequency of the dominant allele in the population
        
        population
        
        group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same region and can interbreed with each other
        
        all alleles in population
  - - - Changes in a population’s gene pool from generation to generation
      - factors
        
        mutation
        
        Change in one of the nucleic acids
        
        maybe apparent in phenotype
        
        source of all new alleles
        
        must be in gametes when inherited
        
        polymorphism
        
        dimorphic
        
        2 phenotypes
        
        dominant-recessive system
        
        genetic drift
        
        random loss of alleles
        
        Acts most strongly in small populations relative to large
        
        bottleneck effect
        
        Large population diminished suddenly
        
        natural catastrophe
        
        migration
        
        nonrandom mating
        
        plants "choose mates'
        
        pollinator vectors
        
        pollination sydromes
        
        sexual selection
        
        male-male competition
        
        excess of pollen grains
        
        pollen tubes can interfere with each other
        
        female choice
        
        barriers on stigma surface preventing germination
        
        migration, gene flow
        
        Movement of alleles into and out of a population
        
        immigration or emigration
        
        can be impeded by environment, life history
        
        adaptive radiation
        
        natural selection
        
        one allele advantageous
        
        population growth
        
        artificial selection
        
        selection by humans
        
        increased frequency of desired traits
        
        elimination of undesired traits
  - - - :